Political-Legal Environment Affecting the Economy of an Industry

Political- legal environment is one of the economic environment that its development has strongly impacts on the marketing decisions of the company. The political environment consists of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence or limit various organizations and individuals in a given society. Each factors of political environment has its own functions and impacts on the economic activities of the industry. The economic systems work best with at least some regulation.When an industry with well-conceived regulation, it can have more opportunities in competition and ensure fair market for goods and services. The public policy is a set of laws and regulations that the government makes to guide commercial or to limit business for the good of society as a whole. Almost marketing activites requires a wide range of laws and regulations to stable the system and help to make true marketing decisions.Legislation affect business around the world and it has increased steadil y over the years such as local-content laws, import restrictions, tax controls, price controls, labor problems. .etc†¦China is one of the Samsung market and it has many laws relates to some issues such as custom import and trading, foreign investment, information technology, pricing and etc†¦. o regulate the activites or the development of Samsung electronics industry in China, for example: Provisional Regulations on Trade Administration of Technology Introduction and Equipment Importation 1- 1996, Implementation Rules on Small-Volume Frontier Trade of Importing Machinery and Electronic Products, Notice on Policies for Reform and Adjustment of Import Tax  , Regulation on Administration of Organizations in Charge of Import or Machinery and Electronic Products in Localities and Departments at the Central Level†¦etc†¦ and through those laws, Samsung enterprises located in China must comply with all the articles of Chinese laws and all the regulations that they sig n together. The regulations are constantly changing and the marketer must work hard to keep up with changes in regulations and their interpretations.. . . Another example is the activites of Samsung electronics VietNam (SEV) in export and paying tax.According to some regulations and laws on taxes, the contributions to the budget through taxes including import or export taxes, value added tax (VAT) and environmental protection taxes. The political sanctions, which protect the companies from each other. Although business executives may praise competition, they sometimes try to neutralize it when it threatens them, so laws are passed to defined and prevent unfair competition. For example, Korean companies have been increasingly subject to the extraterritorial reach of foreign antitrust laws, in 2005, the US department of Justice(DOJ) imposed fines of $300 million on Samsung electronic, a Korean manufactuer of dynamic random access memory(DRAM) and its US subsidiary, Samsung semiconduct or, for participating in an international conspiracy to fix prices in the DRAM market.In addition, according to local reports, the Japan fair trade commission will fine affiliates of Samsung electronics an unprecented amount of several billion yen for price fixing. This was because their sale to subsidiaries of Japanese companies indirectly affected the Japanese market. The Japanese sanctions also protect the right of their authorities and consumers. Another example is the patent infringement between Samsung and Apple. According to US infringement law, US Court ordered  Samsung  to pay $1. 05 billion damages, after ruling that the South Korean firm infringed on some  Apple  patents in  patent infringement trial between Samsung and Apple.And after that, Samsung’s entire line of galaxy were banned in Europe such as the Galaxy S II the Galaxy Tab 7. 7†¦ The government regulation also help to protect the interests of society against unrestrained business behavior. For example, Samsung had been accused by  China Labor Watch  of countenancing illegal and even inhumane conditions at its factories in China, and the group noted that the workers' overtime at the facilities could reach or often times exceed 100 hours a month. Under current Chinese law, overtime is limited to 36 hours a month. After that, Samsung quickly moved to address the problem also further suggests that Samsung is taking this very seriously.

Male and Female Roles

Male and female roles have changed dramatically since the beginning of the 21st century. Men were known as the bread-winners. Their responsibility was to go to work and bring home money to take care of their family. While women stayed at home and took care of all the cooking and cleaning. The female role also consisted of bearing and taking care of all the children. Things have changed women can also get good jobs and bring home as much money as men and sometimes even more money than men. In a major step forward, women demanded and were granted the right to vote in the United States in 1920s. Women should not have to stay at home and take care of the children, cook, and clean. Taking care of children alone should be considered a full time job, before adding cooking and cleaning. In the 1960s the invention of the birth control pill came about that let women control when they had kids. Contraceptives made planning a family around a career easier for women; careers no longer had to take a backseat to family. The great depression was hard on many families. Many men suffered losses of income and unemployment. Women embraced this abrupt status change and rose to the challenge of finding work to support their family. Then the equal opportunities movement came about meaning that employers could not discriminate against women in hiring and promotion, and providing further protection for women in the workplace, even though men still make more money than women. Along with being the primary breadwinners a male’s role may consist of a few manly chores such as taking out trash, fixing cars, and cutting grass but, some males have taken on the female role. According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, less than one percent of dads were stay-at-home fathers in 2006. Men account for only 19 percent of single parents who live with their children. However, that still means there were 159,000 stay-at-home fathers as of 2006, according to the U. S. Census Bureau. There is a thriving community of stay-at-home fathers who are quite proud of their role in the family and support their â€Å"bread-winning† wives fully. Most women, who work full time with families, still have the primary responsibility of taking care of the children and home. Women want to get out and have a life, not just stay at home and do chores. Women also want to take care of their children. Mothers want to be the one that see their baby’s first crawl or first word. Mothers want to get that child up in the morning, dress her and see her off to her first day of school. Mothers tend to be more nurturing than fathers. For example when a child fall off her bike for the first time a mother will probably run to that child and put a bandage on. Whereas a father will most likely try to brush it off and get the child to try again. I totally agree that males should be the primary bread- winners. Then if a woman wants to work part time or go back to school she can. Sometimes taking care of the children and chores can be split in half between male and female, so no one feel that one is doing more work than the other. If a woman wants to get out the house sometime and have a life maybe she could join a social club, have a few girlfriends, or volunteer with different community organizations. I do not think a woman should have to be the primary bread- winner, the primary caregiver to the children, and still do most of the cooking and cleaning. Some women have to be the primary breed winners. If a woman is left alone to take care of her children she have no choice but to become the primary bread-winner, the primary care giver, and do most of the cooking and cleaning because maybe she will not have any help. Even though a female is left alone all the work of taking care of children and a home still goes on. In 2005, nearly 4 in 10 babies in the U. S. were born outside of marriage according to the centers for disease control. References * Women's Roles Vs. Male's Roles in the 21st Century | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8630273_womens-males-roles-21st-century.html#ixzz2RIpkA17n

The Rabbits, New Australians, and Romulus, My Father: Experiences of Immigrants

People experience a sense of belonging in varied and complex ways. How is this explored in the texts you have studied? In your response, refer closely to your prescribed text and to at least TWO other related texts of your own choosing. The migrant experience describes an individual’s change form one social context to another. Such a vast difference of results in a complicated confrontation of values. Hence a sense of belonging lies inherent in the individual’s ability to marry or reconcile identity with their social environment. Raimond Gaita’s semi-autobiographical memoir Romulus, My Father and the Australian’s feature article Alice Pung on New Australians both explore the difficulties faced when immigrating and how a new found sense of belonging occurs through a transformation of identity and values. John Marsden and Shawn Tan’s picture book The Rabbits use the graphical and written to demonstrate the loss of identity due to a loss of belonging that occurred in the white settlement of Australia. It is inherent in human nature to have a desire for belonging. This is evident in Romulus’ seeking out those of a similar history to him, namely Mitru and Hora, whose varied experience is more similar, his than Australians. In simple characteristics, such as a common language, they form a bond. â€Å"Having arrived at the camp [Romulus] set out to find those like him†. However having to work amongst and with the people of this new social context requires Romulus to confront the differences of values between him and that of Australia. Romulus has to compromise his ideals to that of Australia in order for Australia to accept him. He builds towards the Australian dream of owning a house and time to provide for Raimond the best. However Romulus also examples tat it is indeed a compromise not an assimilation of values. He finds the Australians to be â€Å"lazy† and â€Å"incompetent†. In embracing his won values of respect, honours and hard work, Romulus influences the Australian community he lives in where they come to affectionately call him Jack. Similarly, Pung’s article on her family’s migration from war torn Vietnam to Australia explorers the transformation of identity to achieve belonging. Her father fully embraces Australia ideals â€Å"to be like them ad survive† reading newpapers, having an opinion on Australian politics and opening a Retrovision franchise. She outlines the line between belonging and not belonging in the understanding of each other. â€Å"At first they stared with their eyes wide opened their mouths firmly shut. Now they laugh with their mouths wide open and their eyes firmly shut. † However, as Mitru and Christine show that an inability to marry both identity and community, Pung’s mother does the same. Never learning English or â€Å"embracing Australian society other than as a supermarket shopper† Pung’s mother becomes depressed and reclusive. The Rabbits describe the same destructive effect of not being able to reconcile identity and belonging together. The picture book reverses the situation to where the migrant rabbits assimilated their identity onto the culture, thus removing the identity of the native bilbies. Than contrasts the two cultures, in the brown and green colour of their land before the sterile white buildings of the rabbits. The bilbies gather throughout the book together, interacting each other compared to the uniformed rabbits, who are numbered and constantly demarcating, enclosing and tracing the land. Each component of the rabbits migration reflect destruction and conflict as represented by the giants machines that â€Å"eat up our grass† and the rams and sheep marked out. The bilbies are unable to reconcile their identity with the rabbits’ new society â€Å"They didn’t live in trees like us† and hence are decimated. â€Å"Who will save us form the rabbits? † An identity describes the context to which an individual belong to. In the migrant experience the individual’s ability to belong relies on the successfulness of their complicated marriages of ideals and values that vary for each individual.

Project Management Essay

A. The Five Project Management Process Groups The five project management process groups begins with ‘The scoping process group’ which can also be referred to as the initiating process. The process includes all processes that relate to one question ‘What is the task?’ and ‘What do you need to do?’. Thus, NASA’s vision is to constantly develop flight technologies and from this NASA embarked on on the Autonomous Rotorcraft Project. The project entails developing an unmanned helicopter that ideally operates with the decision making skill of a piloted aircraft. The scoping process means that project management team can establish what is need to achieve the clients needs, in this project they include; -manoeuvre around obstacles without human supervision  -accomplish top level mission goals -conduct vehicle health management activities, which is diagnosing and fixing problems on the machine automatically – to be able to re plan the mission if unforeseen obstacles occur. Secondly is the process of project planning process relates to the question ‘How will you do it?’. The complexity of this process is unrealised as it requires technologies that are yet to be discovered. For example, just to travel from point A -B the autonomous helicopter will need to sense, classify and identify surrounding landmarks and then reconcile those landmarks with stored maps. It will then have to localise itself with those specific landmarks, rapidly compute a path that would keep it away from various oncoming obstacles and closely follow its chosen path. These ideas remain difficult in the project planning stage as there is a lack of available autonomous technologies and resources. Not only do NASA want to create an Autonomous Rotorcraft it also seeks to advance unmanned vehicle operations for future projects( Whalley, 2003). After the project planning process, comes the project launching process. This process includes all processes related to recruiting and organising the team and establishing operational rules. It also largely includes getting the project started. The project manager allowed the team members to incorporate changes and agree on their own responsibilities as it allows them to carry out their tasks in a more efficient manner. To ensure this was the case was to schedule regular demonstrations of the teams accomplishments, ensuring a specific amount of work was completed before it was presented. The monitoring process, includes all processes related to the ongoing work of the project. An example of this is the ARP project website that was created to keep information of the project so upper management and stakeholders are aware of the projects progression. The last process group is the closing process, this specially entails the notion of ‘How well did the project go?’ After the completion of the project, the project manager learned that the needs needed to be met of each team member and communicate individual responsibilities effectively. Whilst there was not too many on going challenges the project manager learned that the time spent scheduling flights took long than expected, it will be taken into consideration for the future to minimise any delays. B. Classify the project Risk: Is an integral part of this project. It usually includes; risk identification, risk assessment, risk mitigation and risk monitoring. Risk regarding project management is a future event which happens with probability and induces change. The autonomous rotorcraft is subject to risk, these can most commonly include delays which can create a loss for the project, and therefore subjecting the project to cost increases. Business Value: The notion of business value supports the companies strategic goals and meets user information requirements. Thus it needs to be a good investment for NASA. Consequently the autonomous rotorcraft is an investment for the organisation as it allows future developments to be based of this project for other differing autonomous vehicles. Duration: The duration of the project began in 2002 and was up for ARP teams nominations for 2005 project of the year. It has been flying autonomously since March 2004 and has been flight tested weekly for 30-60 minutes per flight. The system in the current Rotorcraft has been flown in the same configurations since November 2005. Complexity: The complexity of this project is very difficult as mentioned earlier, this is because the rotorcraft is unmanned and needs to make various decisions through its Linux based software. Technology: The technology used in the Autonomous Rotorcraft is complex and due to this faced many hardships and obstacles. The technology is complex. NASA’s mission was to extend its technology and expertise regarding automated systems. Specifically the project management team would create a flying laboratory consisting of technologies such as advanced flight controls, a reactive planner and an all digital camera system with tracking and passive ranging capabilities. The Autonomous rotorcraft is a Yamaha RMAX helicopter, which was selected as the project UAV platform. It was originally developed for remote control seeding and spraying and therefore was notably sturdy and reliable. Due to this numerous modifications were made to the rotorcraft to support autonomous operations. These include the additional avionics which in turn carries out navigation and flight computer control, an experimentation computer, a GPS receiver and radio communications (Freed, 2006). Cost: The cost for this project has not been disclosed, although budget was kept. C. How did the project fit against the nine Project management Knowledge areas Integration Management focuses on the larger tasks that must be done for the project to work. Thus it is the practise of ensuring that every part of the project is coordinated. The project manager must be very competent at this to ensure that the project runs smoothly. The Autonomous Rotorcraft project manager planned well, as they took many things into consideration regarding this. As mentioned earlier, the project manager used techniques to establish motivation for team members. The main technique was scheduling regular meetings and demonstrating the teams current accomplishments. From these meetings the project manager could then provide additional recourses for the project in areas that need supplemental information. Thus the project was executed successfully and a high level of integration management was achieved. The second knowledge area of Scope Management is the details and processes of the project. It is important to have a detailed plan before beginning the project. This meaning a clear goal. Which is very clear; ‘To develop an unmanned helicopter’. Whilst it is beneficial to understand the scope of the project it is also important to understand that changes may occur during the project, which fall under this specific knowledge area. Due to the favourable outcome of the project, scope management was achieved, as challenges and communication were met effectively. Similarly to this is time management, the ARP met all scheduling goals and completed each phase with no scheduling delays. Thus it is understood that, the project had sufficient resources and a good time management plan. Cost management is just as valuable as time management. This knowledge area includes cost estimating and budgeting. Once the cost for the ARP project was estimated, the project manager must control the cost and make changes to the budget as needed. The cost of the project would have been fluctuating as the accuracy changes as the project would have progressed. Furthermore, quality management is an important knowledge area as the ARP would have had to have been measured against a similar predetermined acceptable measure. The project manager would of created a quality management plan early on in the project, as this effects other areas such as scope, time cost and most importantly risk. Human resource management is responsible for the project organisation, the selection of team members on the ARP (assigning staff) and project organisation. Whilst the project manager assesses the performance of the team, so does human resource management from a different perspective – this also includes the project manner. Along with this comes communication management, which is very important in the ARP. This includes the ARP project website, that was created to keep NASA computer information and communications technology program for upper management and stake holders to be aware of the projects progression. The team also provided project updaters to potential customers, which include; The Department of Homeland Security, the National Technology transfer centre and other NASA researchers. . This type of communication management offers dual benefits as it is marketing the rotorcraft and maintaining a strong customer base for future projects. As well as this, all the material communicated was accessible to the team via the website, these included; flight plans, authorised documents, scheduling and media. Another project management area is Risk management, this involves how risks are managed on the project. The project manager must identify these challenges and plan how the team will respond to them in a positive manner. These risks included, coordinating the ARP project team, as it consisted of people from a plethora of different backgrounds and thus the project manager ensured communication stayed strong. Another challenge that the team was faced with as scheduling flight tests, this took more time than originally anticipated and therefore ran risk of delays, to combat this more time was put foreword to ensure that there was no future delays. Lastly is procurement management, this is a set of processes that links to the supply chain sector of the ARP project. It is when goods or services need to be obtained from an outside organisations. The project manager plans these purchases of products that cannot be provided from their own company. This is important as it links directly with quality management, this is because it is difficult to ensure quality is delivered from an outside supplier at an appropriate cost that meets budget. Conclusion It must be reiterated that The Autonomous Rotorcraft Project was executed successfully. There are many areas that need to be covered by the project team in order for this to be a smooth operation. Whilst there are some areas that are of more importance to others, it is ideal to have a team that can respond to all positive and negative situations that the project may encounter. The ARP project, fitted well against all nine Project Management areas, thus NASA expressed a high level of satisfaction with the project.

Egyptian History Essay

The period in Egypt from 2660 to 1100 BC can be considered as a very important time in Egyptian history as it witnessed many changes in how the land was ruled. This period in time experienced wars and changes in leadership, slowly molding the Egyptian nation into what it is today. These people and events not only played an important role in Egypt’s history but also for the rest of the world. One specific period during this time was the Old Kingdom, back to the time when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty all throughout the Sixth Dynasty. During this time, the capital of Egypt was located at Memphis, and the ruling pharaoh was Djoser. This period in time was known for the construction of large pyramids, which were built to serve as the burial places for pharaohs and other important persons during that time. This was considered as the Age of Pyramids. During this time only the pharaoh ruled the former independent ancient states of Egypt which was known as nomes. The former ruler of these states were forced to take the role of governor, else, they’ll have to work in the tax collection area. During this time, the pharaoh is not only recognized as a ruler but as a god, and was worshipped by all his subordinates. This is because of the belief that worshipping these gods would mean assurance of the annual flooding of the Nile River. This is because agriculture during this time centered on the â€Å"fertile crescent† or the area which has been flooded by the Nile. All their crops are dependent on this annual flooding, as Egypt is filled with barren lands and desserts which they cannot use for farming and agriculture and the river is their only hope for scarce food supplies. This period of time also witnessed feuds between different rulers which resulted from the fall of the Old Kingdom. The previous kingdom collapsed as a result of civil conflict which was insinuated by regional governors waging wars on each other. The unity of the kingdom weakened, causing it to finally fall. The case worsened as the lands were plagued with severe drought, resulting to a drop in rainfall, affecting the normal flooding of the Nile River. Decades of famine and strife followed eventually. Intermediate periods have risen afterwards, wherein there were several acting rulers and leaders, further complicating the matters. This has lead to many wars between the different peoples of Egypt, since no one held power over the whole nation. To make matters worse, neighboring lands were starting to invade Egypt, hoping to besiege the already war-torn nation. Because of this, consolidations were made by local leaders and a new line of pharaohs have been formed. After several changes in the ruling heads, Egypt was able to prosper further and continued to exist many years after. Some pharaohs were able to expand their influence, thus making the nation wealthier and more powerful. This period however, ended in another intermediate period wherein the power has been divided between the recognized king which was Smendes and the High Priests of Amun at Thebes. The king ruled the northern half of the nation while the High Priests took control of the southern part of the country. This division proved to be less significant since both the ruling king and high priests came from the same family line.

Education For Children With Disabilities Education Essay

It is estimated that there are 500-650 million individuals with disablements in the universe, about 10 % of the universe population, 150 million of whom are kids. More than 80 % unrecorded in developing states with small or no entree to services. The bulk of kids with disablements, in developing states remain out of school and are wholly illiterate.[ 1 ]This is the information provided by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, which provides us with an thought of how large is the issue refering right to instruction of the kids with disablements. Even though bulk of the provinces have ratified assorted international human rights instruments, many of them fail to guarantee to carry through all the duties prescribed under international human rights jurisprudence instruments. I will turn to following job on illustration of Georgia. Are handicapped kids ‘s instruction rights protected in equal manner as of kids without disablements in Georgia? What are the chief jobs of implementi ng human rights instruments ‘ commissariats and what has to be done in order to give kids with disablements equal opportunity to bask their educational rights? And is inclusive instruction solution to the job? Right to instruction has been enshrined in several human rights instruments such as: The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( Art.26 ) ; The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ( Art.13 ) ; Convention on the Rights of the Child ( Art. 28 ) ; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( Art.24 ) etc. All the above mentioned instruments underscore the rule of non-discrimination and equality in the right of instruction. Hence, kids with disablements are entitled to the same educational rights as others. When turn toing this issue I will chiefly discourse right to instruction of the kids with disablements under the Convention on the Rights of the Child ( CRC ) , as it is the major human rights instrument refering kids ‘s rights in general. Article 28 of Convention on the Rights of the Child provides that provinces parties recognize the right of a kid to instruction on the footing of equal chance, doing primary instruction compulsory and available free to all[ 2 ]. The undermentioned article underscores that everyone has equal chance to have assorted degrees of instruction, but foremost and first importance of compulsory primary instruction and its handiness for free of charge. Article 29 of CRC states the purposes of instruction, such as â€Å" development of kid ‘s personality, endowments and mental and physical abilities to their fullest possible [ aˆÂ ¦ ] † Article 2 of CRC is associating to equality and non-discrimination rule including guaranting and este eming rights of handicapped kids without any favoritism on the evidences of disablement. Among the above mentioned commissariats, article chiefly with respect to the rights of handicapped kids is Article 23 of CRC, which once more high spots that province parties have to guarantee handicapped kid ‘s effectual entree to instruction ( Art.23 ( 3 ) ) . In 2006 The Committee on the Rights of the Child has adopted its General Comment No 9 on the topic of the rights of kids with disablements, turn toing some nucleus affairs refering rights of handicapped kids, nucleus duties of province parties, general steps of execution of the Convention etc. In the undermentioned remark Committee among other issues underlines the significance of rights of instruction of kids with disablements. Committee addresses the importance of inclusive instruction. Inclusive instruction should be the end of educating kids with disablements. The mode and signifier of inclusion must be dictated by the single educational demands of the kid, since the instruction of some kids with disablements requires a sort of support which may non be readily available in the regular school system.[ 3 ]The same rule of inclusive instruction is besides provided in the Implementation Handbook of the Convention on the Rights of the Child prepared by UNICEF. Harmonizing to the Handb ook â€Å" the instruction of handicapped kids should be provided â€Å" in a mode conductive to the kid ‘s accomplishing the fullest possible societal integrating ( Article 23 ( 3 ) ) which means that handicapped kids should, wherever possible, be educated in mainstream schools alongside with kids without disablements. †[ 4 ] Even though rule of inclusive instruction is seen by UN human rights organic structures as a solution for bettering enjoyment of right to instruction of handicapped kids, some look on this facet from more deep position. For illustration Marcia H. Rioux and Paola C. Pinto in their recent article reference this issue, harmonizing to them: â€Å" Even when, in more recent decennaries, inclusion has become the mantra of instruction systems worldwide, the disagreement between normative models and the resources available on the land to recognize the right to education for all has frequently created new signifiers of marginalisation and exclusion along ability lines. Indeed, acquiring kids with disablements in schools is non plenty. If inclusion merely changes the location of the schooling of the kid but the negative stereotyping persists, so the outlooks for that kid ‘s acquisition will go on to be less than for other pupils. It makes a parody of inclusion. Bing ‘in ‘ a schoolroom, but non an integrated and equal participant in the really cloth of larning contradicts the intent of schooling. This is what is sometimes characterized as soft inclusion – inclusion that addresses topographic point but non the substance of larning. †[ 5 ]These writers emphasize, that â€Å" A rights attack to instruction, by contrast, highlights the demand for a holistic position, necessitating a model that takes into consideration non merely the right of entree to education throughout all phases of childhood and beyond, but besides the right of quality instruction and the right to esteem in the acquisition environment. †[ 6 ] The equality, non-discrimination and integrating of handicapped kids in the mainstream instruction, are the precedence issues on human rights docket in Georgia. Since confirmation of Convention on the Rights of the Child on June 2 of 1994, Georgia has submitted three studies to the Committee. These studies give clear thought about the jobs in the procedure of implementing equality and non-discrimination rules in respects of instruction of handicapped kids. The coverage process shows what the spread of implementing CRC on national degree are. The 2nd periodic province party study provides with more or less elaborate information refering right to instruction of handicapped kids. Harmonizing to information provided by the Ministry of Education of Georgia, there are 20 particular residential schools for mentally and physically handicapped kids under its legal power. There are two places for handicapped kids under the legal power of the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Welfare, lodging a sum of 157 kids. The Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Welfare has besides prepared a programme for the nationwide reform of the system of commiting handicapped kids. The Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Welfare points out that, non with standing certain betterments in recent old ages in the budget support of institutional constitutions, this programme is still underfunded. It is unable to supply full support for rehabilitation work, peculiarly that of a societal nature, which in bend earnestly hampers the undertaking of incorpo rating handicapped kids into society. The programme aims to guarantee a significant betterment in the chances available to kids in this class for psychological, educational and societal rehabilitation.[ 7 ]In response to this study, Committee published its Concluding Observation in 2003, supplying some recommendations in respects of right to instruction of kids with disablements. More exactly, The Committee is concerned that the right to non-discrimination is non yet to the full reflected in the State party ‘s statute law, policies and programmes at the national and local degrees.[ 8 ]The Committee remains concerned that kids with disablements remain outside mainstream instruction and are marginalized in society.[ 9 ]The Committee recommends the province party to take the necessary steps to incorporate kids with disablements in the mainstream instruction system and society.[ 10 ] The latest study submitted to the Committee by Georgia was in 2007. State party provides with following information, that The NGO â€Å" Children of Georgia † in coaction with UNICEF undertook an appraisal of handicapped institutionalised kids and their capacity for reintegration, and of handicapped kids populating with their households. New methods for measuring handicapped kids were developed and adapted to the Georgian context. Based on this appraisal, a scheme for reintegration and inclusive instruction will be developed.[ 11 ]Harmonizing to the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia, a national policy refering the handicapped kids is reflected in the determination of the Parliament of Georgia of 13 February 2004 sing the chief waies of the societal policy aimed at protecting the rights of handicapped kids, above mentioned papers includes precedence issues such as: a ) harmonisation of the Georgian statute law with the norms and criterions provided for by international conventions ; B ) inclusive and incorporate instruction.[ 12 ]Harmonizing to the Ministry of Education and Science, until late, there were few options to institutional attention or instruction in particular schools for kids with disablements in Georgia. However, the state of affairs has changed with the passage of a new Law on general instruction, which stipulates in paragraph 4 of its article 31 that â€Å" general educational establishments are authorized to make conditions for inclusive instruction † . This proviso has created an unprecedented chance for Georgia to cut down the demand for institutionalization that frequently was the lone option for kids with disablements.[ 13 ]Based on this statute law, pilot undertakings on inclusive instruction have been launched in 10 Tbilisi schools with the position to affecting kids with particular demands in the instruction procedure. Monitoring of these undertakings has shown that due to inclusive instruction sociall y isolated, alienated and handicapped kids are going more incorporate into society.[ 14 ]Sing 3rd periodic study of the province of Georgia, the Committee adopted its Concluding Observation in 2008. The Committee is still concerned that, despite the Constitutional and other warrants, the rule of non-discrimination is non to the full respected in pattern with certain groups of kids, including kids with disablements.[ 15 ]The Committee recommends that the State party addition its attempts to supervise and guarantee execution of bing Torahs vouching the rule of non-discrimination and full conformity with article 2 of the Convention.[ 16 ]The Committee recommends province party among other issues to see: a ) signing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol ; degree Celsiuss ) pursue attempts to guarantee that kids with disablements may exert their right to education to the maximal extent possible.[ 17 ] As we see from the illustration of Georgia, Georgia still faces many jobs in respects to fulfillment of its nucleus duties on the topic of the right to instruction of handicapped kids. I agree with the thought that, â€Å" It continues to be a slow procedure for the acknowledgment of the right to instruction for kids with disablements to go recognized and implemented. There is an pressing demand to supervise the systemic conditions that have led to the disagreement between policy and pattern, between theory and execution. There is a farther demand to disaggregate informations in order to do seeable the favoritism and exclusion of many kids with disablements, to develop new policies that target people with disablements and to mensurate the advancement towards cosmopolitan instruction † .[ 18 ]Georgia still has to take more stairss such as: adopt and enforce national statute law in respects of handicapped people ; sign and implement the Convention on the Rights of Peoples with D isabilities ; raise financess on instruction of handicapped kids ; have more cooperation with international human rights organisations ; do schools accessible for kids with disablements, promote public consciousness that disabled kids are portion of the society, train school staff and instructors, etc. Georgia has merely to esteem, protect and carry through right to instruction of kids with disablements. Solving all of these issues is non a myth, but world, negative facet is, unluckily it takes long clip.

Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Essay - 2

Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) - Essay Example This paper will examine various functions of human resource management in relations to APS business objectives and evaluate the human resource management aspects of the company. Strategic human resources management, alignment with mission achievement, strategic alignment these terms are some of the phrases, which are being used to explain the latest, evolving function of human resources management (HRM). Different people will give different meaning for these terms. Consequently, it is imperative to ascertain from the starting what we are really talking about. Human resources management alignment implies integrating decisions concerning employees with decisions regarding the outcomes a business is attempting to reach the objective of the company in relations to its business targets. (Hunger & Wheelen, 2003) This report will address strategic human resource management in APS Company. The report will take a critical evaluation of the human resource and offer the best strategy to follow. With human resource rising as the primary asset of an organisation, human resources (HR) management are being faced with new challenges to come up with strategic approaches that can add value to the organisations when sourcing for new employees. To address this issue the human resource have to formulated strategies that will add value to an organisation in pursuit of identifying, recruiting, developing and retaining highly talented employees who can take the company to new heights and provide a competitive advantage to the company (Armstrong, 2006) Recruitment and retention Beardwell & Holden (1997) states that; employee recruitment is very important in an organization. It consists of administration, performance and staffing. All these are interrelated activities that are carried out in an organization. Management and staffing activities help in ensuring that employees with right or desired skills are recruited. The employees have also to be in the right numbers desired by the organization. Employee recruitment aims at ensuring that employees are at the right place at the right time. Human resource manager in this case is concerned with ensuring that employees perform their best. Best recruitment processes insure that the organizations get the best staff that can improve and add value to the company. The human resource has to provide better employment terms to retain employees who are experienced in the organization. This will highly help the restructuring processes. (Beardwell & Holden, 1997) Training and development Each employee requires more learning in order to improve his /her skills, no matter how best a candidate is, he/she can not be 100% percent qualified. Thus, the human resource management should implement learning management system (Beardwell & Holden, 1997) In general the human resource management is supposed to come up with training and education programs for its employees. Training can be termed as systematic enhancement of knowledge, skills and attitudes of the needed by an employee in order to perform a given task. Development is the growth of an employee in terms of capability, understanding and awareness. In an organization training and development is important in order to; 1. Develop a workforce that can perform higher-grade assignments 2.

Health and Health Behaviour Workbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health and Health Behaviour Workbook - Essay Example Ethnicity, to a large extent is related to the genetic makeup of individuals. Individuals having identical ethnic origins are likely to possess similar genetic codes and it is for this reason that the pattern of disease in an ethnically similar population is characteristic of that ethnicity. Genetic information to a large extent determines the susceptibility of an ethnic group to certain diseases. The underlying mechanism may relate to over or under-production of certain factors (e.g. proteins or antibodies), absence of formation of certain chemical mediators, defects in immunity resulting in heightened vulnerability to certain infectious agents or anatomical differences arising due to genetic differences. Age is perhaps one of the most well-known factors that influence an individual’s health. Newborns with a naà ¯ve immune system are more prone to infectious disease. As the age advances, the various systems of the body start to function in an improved manner due to continuous development and exposure to external environment. Individuals of young age are less prone to the development of disease; however this is not a rule and it is likely that individuals develop certain conditions which are characteristic of young age, e.g. Acne is more common in the young age than at the extremes of ages. In the terminal part of the age, the waning function of the various systems of the body, render the individuals more prone to the development of disease. Gender has profound impact on the development or aggravation of disease. This complex effect is compounded by genetic factors, ultimately resulting in development of disease due to a complex interplay of the various factors that may include hormonal factors, immune status, dietary factors, ethnicity and various others. Physiological differences are closely related to genetic differences; for this reason the range of diseases that occur due to physiological difference are often closely related to

Scientific Revolution transformation of Europeans Research Paper

Scientific Revolution transformation of Europeans - Research Paper Example Despite the breakthrough that was evident in both astrology and physics, it was still sad that most Europeans still held on their beliefs on their previous ways of doing things including astrology and magic. However, with the advances and transformation in scientific revolution, advances in medical theory for instance showed how serious misconceptions had been slipped in about the human body. This was contrary to the previous belief that the Europeans used as were set by Galen who proposed that a human body was made up of four compartments, where, if one of the four was present in too little or too much, there would be a problem with the body. Again, thanks to the scientific revolution, the tenets of the traditional belief system of the Europeans were overturned. Before the scientific revolution, the Europeans were made to believe in church and trust in it for guidance, and here, they were told what to believe. It is because of the scientific revolution that the Europeans discovered that their beliefs were invalid and it is good they never took it lightly. The Europeans took scientific revolution positively immediately they realized how its effects were changing the world even though they were not always open to the origin of the scientific changes. The revolution then soon became part of the society without most of the Europeans noticing it. It was however a time for enlightenment for those who at least realized the change.2 Despite all the opposition that the scientific revolution received, it still managed to spread across Europe through various ways. First, the information spread through a printing press that was invented by Gutenberg.3 This facilitated the spread of the information through the continent through the use of texts and pamphlets. The Latin language was also used as a unifying language across the continent to spread

Assignment 9 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 9 - Coursework Example The company embraced diversity from the selection and recruitment process. All applicants were screened not withstanding their physical ability, education, religion, race, age, or cultural background (Erickson 01). All employees were treated equally during promotions and in the awarding of other fringe benefits. Moreover, the company had non-punitive policies that dealt with conflicts arising from employees with different backgrounds and points of view. Exclusive discriminatory groups were highly outlawed and the management momentously discouraged employees from forming such groups (Gröschl 68). Moreover, the company initiated an all-inclusive and wide-ranging employee-training program for its community and corporate employees. The program was named â€Å"Successful Community Living†. All employees were subjected to this program that promoted civility, respect and understanding among the employees and with the external community. Through the program, employees enthusiastically embraced and celebrated the presence of LGBT, albinos, physically challenged persons and the blacks in the organizational structure (Erickson 01). The program immensely contributed to the creation of a respectful, diversified but integrated workforce that ominously improved employees morale and consequently boosted the productivity and profitability of the organization. The company further augmented the training program by forming a â€Å"Diversity and Inclusion Council† that developed and implemented strategies that promoted the organization’s objectives in 4 major sections; resi dents, employees, CSR (corporate social responsibility) and marketplace initiatives. Members of the council are drawn from different heritages and were skilled in different aspects. Both the top and junior managers supported the council to guarantee its triumph. Holding combined dines was

Political reonstruction in the State of Florida after the Civil War Essay

Political reonstruction in the State of Florida after the Civil War - Essay Example However, this objective of reconstruction did not realize the anticipated goals, instead, the end of reconstruction resulted in the denial of civil rights to all African-Americans in the Southern States, including Florida. This era of reconstruction is significant, as it has shaped the history of the United States. Different people today have different views about the events in this era. Similarly, different authors have written their varying opinions and facts concerning the reconstruction period, bringing out their personal convictions about the period. Nonetheless, this essay focuses on the different views by various authors on the political reconstruction in the United States, and specifically, the State of Florida. Ayers in his book, A History of the American South 1877-1906, notes that, between the end of reconstruction in 1877 and the 1906 Atlanta race riot, the American South was marked with significant changes in its social, economic, and political spheres. Economically, the South witnessed intensive industrialization and urbanization, and the domination of the railroad, while socially, pop culture emerged, including music and modern literature, and the emergence of new religious groups. However, Ayers notes that politically, the South was characterized by the elements of segregation, disfranchisement, the populist revolt, and the start of progressivism. Power was based on either persuasion or coercion (3). Florida experienced a myriad of political changes. Ayers traces the beginning of the new era in the South to the 1870s, when the conservative democrats took power in Southern states, including Florida. Florida played an equal role as other Southern states in redrawing political boundaries between the South and whole nation. However, in early 1890s, there was witnessed the greatest revolt of populism, which played a significant role in political reconstruction of Florida. Farmers in Florida were affected negatively and were plunged in an economic dep ression. Although Florida experienced slight industrial growth, its farmers lived with many uncertainties. Ayer notes that after the Republicans’ succession in the South, they aimed at forming a political alliance that would include former slaves and a few white people that were influential (5). However, their opinions and preferences on issues such as land redistribution, elections, civil rights, and educational policies varied. They later established an alliance comprising former slaves, former Northerners, and former unionists, with an objective of ensuring the economic prosperity and equal rights for the Southerners. However, this diversity became a major challenge to this alliance as most members and the voters defected with instances of unjust treatment. Eventually, the North dissociated itself from the South and this slimmed down the probability of successful reconstruction in both the North and South, without external intervention (5). Later, the conservative Democrat s â€Å"redeemed† many Southern States, including Florida, therefore displacing the Republicans out of power. However, in 1877, the elections in Florida saw Democrats pronounced winners, and this brought a new meaning to the reconstruction in the South. In Florida and other Southern States, the influential, educated, and wealthy, white people rose to demand for power, which they thought they were the

Management of water of international rivers in the context of the Essay

Management of water of international rivers in the context of the international law - Essay Example d by the international law 39 3.2.2 Tigris and Euphrates rivers and international law 3.2.2.1 Historical development of the conflict on the management of water of Tigris/ Euphrates 40 3.2.2.2 Causes of the conflict 41 3.2.2.3 Response of the international community 43 3.2.2.4 The solution provided in the context of international law 44 3.2.2.5 Challenges related with the application of international law in the specific case 47 3.2.2.6 Critical analysis of the appropriateness and the effectiveness of the solution provided by the international law 48 3.2.3 Discussion on findings 50 Chapter F... As a result of the increased use of water, there have been serious damages to the environment. For example many rivers are receding, half of the global wetlands have been eroded and freshwater fish have virtually become endangered species.1 It is hardly surprising that in more recent times there has a been heightened awareness that the world expects to confront a water crisis.2 These developments over the last century have transferred over to state development of water conservation strategies that require a balancing of two conflicting interests: the significance of water for human existence and need to protect the earth’s natural resources. However, in order for the world’s natural resources to be effectively conserved, national laws, practices and policies require some form of harmony with one another. This is particularly so in the case of waterways which not only adjourn different international borders but are frequently traversed and used by many nationals. For thi s reason there have been attempts to harmonize national legal and policy strategies for the conservation of waterways at international law. In this regard, the management of international rivers is a particularly acute concern. The UN Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997 (hereinafter the Convention) has set the criteria by which the management of water worldwide should be based.3 Although national laws apply to the management of international rivers, those national laws are required to coincide with the criteria established by the Convention. In other words as a standard setting international legal instrument, the Convention should prevail over national laws of contracting states. However, this kind of expected

Political science 5030 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political science 5030 - Term Paper Example In midst of this, all stock prices also began to drop. Finally, On October 24, 1929, the stock market crashed burst, as investors began dumping shares. When 16 million shares finally possessed no value, the dark era of the Great Depression started. The Great Depression was a turning point for America to find its true identity. Social and economic change was not only necessary but vital towards the success of America itself. While recession continued to haunt countries worldwide, the progressive movement and the new deal established a solid ground for fundamental change. The progressive movement represented a logical evolution from the Progressive Era because it introduced new programs, embedded reform and paved the way for greatness for the nation as outlined by the Progressive Era. The progressive movement and the new deal in essence were similar in many ways. First and foremost was the fact that it halted the progress of rebellion that was about to up heal during the industrial era. The progressive movement introduced new economic programs. The effort to improve society was a major push that was new to the nation as key issues such as reforming working conditions and assisting the mentally ill people challenged the whole notion of old traditions. Progressivism at its best aimed to remove corruption by imposing child labor laws, addressing lynching based on racism, and removing politicians that were involved in illegal business practices. At the local level, progressivism continued to display brilliant signs of reform as the construction of schools was pushed, political machines were dissolved, and politics was addressed in an efficient manner. Similarly, the New Deal, was a focal point of domestic reform. Roosevelt’s New Deal was considered of two phas es that were planned to recovery and relief. These were crucial towards the toad to recovery. The first phase concentrated on

Visual Arts of Japan-Shinto Art Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visual Arts of Japan-Shinto Art - Term Paper Example The shrines that the Shinto use for worship sites and many other areas of worship are marked by gates, also called torii in Japanese, and they are used to indicate the entrance to the area where the Shinto believe their Kamis reside. The sacred areas are also indicated by the use of ropes from rice straws that are wrapped, for example, on a sacred tree trunk. The Japanese imperial family is a vital player in the Shinto religion and rituals and the Shinto believe that the sun goddess, the Amaterasu was the imperial line’s first ancestor. For this reason, she is one of the most significant artistic representation in Shinto art, represented even on the Japanese flag. Shinto religion has no founder; neither does it possess any sacred scriptures like western religions, for example, the Bible or the Sutra, with preaching and propaganda not as common because of the deep roots that the Shinto have in the traditions of the Japanese people. Because of this, the most enduring aspects of the religion are preserved by the art practiced by the Shinto. The sun goddess, Amaterasu is the most important Kami in Shinto Japan and, as such, is the most represented. The goddess’ mirror is found in the island of Honshu’s Ise shrine and is one of three regalia used by the imperial line along with the jewel and the sword. It is believed that Amaterasu endowed these objects to Ningi, her grandson, when the goddess sent him, to rule over the islands of Japan (Boscaro 17). Sussano, her brother is depicted as the god of the sea in Shinto art with a temperamental and difficult character. While visiting Amaterasu one day, he released colts all over her rice field and destroyed her crops. He went ahead to desecrate her home via smashing a hole into her sewing room’s roof and throwing in a colt’s skin. Amaterasu became furious and retreated into a cave, blocking its entrance with a rock, which caused the entire world to plunge into darkness. Desperate to restore sunlight to earth, the

How to do a qualitative research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to do a qualitative research - Essay Example This method is also known as ethnomethodology or ground research. It creates data concerning people within social surroundings (Mason, 2002). Qualitative methods aim at getting a better perception through firsthand involvement, accurate recording, and citations of real discussions (Mason, 2002). The method aims at understanding how the respondents develop implication from their environs, and how their implication influences their conduct (Mason, 2002). According to Denzin and Lincoln (2005), in-depth interviews are important qualitative research data collection procedure normally used for various purposes, which entail conducting a needs evaluation, program improvement, identification of issue, and premeditated preparation. This method of obtaining data is appropriate in situations like when the researcher wants to use open-ended items that provoke depth of facts from the selected respondents. These in depth, interviews had the following important characteristics as stated by other r esearchers. Using of open-ended questions, the respondents are in a position to give more details about the question asked and not just present a yes no question (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). ... This can be achieved through active listening at what the respondents say and seek clarity where needed. The researcher needs to be recording responses either by the use of audiovisual material or audio tapes. These records should be completed with recorded notes to support the records. These notes include observation of nonverbal movement made by the respondent (Mason, 2002). The interview participants were also selected using random sampling so as to involve many and different participants. This in depth interview follows the following major procedure. The interview question aimed at identifying the characteristics of events situations and circumstance. in this stage-thematizing the initial stage of transcription- the researcher clarifies the purpose on the interview to the study participants. The second stage is designing where the researcher comes up with the manner in which he or she is going to elicit responses from the selected respondents. The guide should be designed to make the respondents focus on the topic of investigation. The next stage is interviewing, where the actual interview takes place by first obtaining permission from the authorities, informing the respondents the purpose of conducting the interview, then engaging the respondent in conversation until the required response is obtained (Marschan,-Piekarit and Welch, 2005). The next stage is transcription, where the creation of a verbatim transcript of each discussion is done by transcribing out each item and answer using the audio tape. The next stage involves analyzing where the records are read to identify themes that come out of the responses provided. Then verification of what is recoded and lastly a report is provided to the internal and external stakeholders

Introduction to Marketing PowerPoint Presentation

Introduction to Marketing - PowerPoint Presentation Example outsourcing social media marketing services from the social media companies that have since been established and now, looking to dominate the industry. The overall market size for the social media advertising companies cannot be estimated precisely because to do so, one will need to count the ever-growing number of companies and institutions being established daily, and who essentially need to market their products. Thousands of existing companies and institutions are already outsourcing social media services, so an estimate of 50% of all businesses countrywide would be an appropriate market size, for now. 1. Placing adverts for companies and institutions on all the six most popular social media platforms. These include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Google Plus+ and You Tube. The choice of platforms to use depends on the social media sites preferred by the client and most importantly, the nature of products and serviced being advertised. 2. Content creation and campaign management services. In an effort to marketing a particular product or service, there has to be a campaign to sensitize its use and the content in that campaign needs to be original. 4. Research, monitoring and analysis of social media marketing.- success depends on your ability to measure and understand your efforts. Community measurement is an essential tool in social media marketing. 2. The top areas businesses want to flourish in are tactics and engagement processes - At least 89% of companies want to use the most effective social tactics and engagement plans for their social media audience. 4. Businesses want to make the most out of Google+ - While 54% of big corporations are using Google+, 65% of smaller companies want to know more about it and 61% plan on increasing Google+ activities this year. 5. Podcasting is on growth trajectory-Though only 6% of companies have utilized podcasting in their advertising, 21% plan to increase their podcasting activities this year. That is

Perfect Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Perfect Competition - Essay Example Perfect Competition The model of perfect competition is based upon four assumptions. Firstly the firms are price takers. There are so many firms in the market that and single firm does not produce enough of the whole to be able to influence the market price. Therefore, they are considered as price takers where the price has already been determined at the market forces of demand and supply. There are no barriers of entry or exit for the firms. There are no stopping firms who wish to enter or leave the market. The existing firms have no role in this process. All firms are producing homogenous products. This means that the products of all firms are identical and as a result there can be no marketing in terms of names of brands. All the producers and consumers have perfect information regarding the prices of the products. Very few firms or industries come close to this model in the real world. We may see such conditions temporarily in the agricultural industry but, these do not exist in the long run. In per fect competition as stated in the assumptions above it is assumed that there are many small firms and that they cannot do anything to influence the market price. Therefore, they are considered as price takers where the price has already been determined at the market forces of demand and supply. There are no barriers of entry or exit for the firms. There are no stopping firms who wish to enter or leave the market. The existing firms have no role in this process. All firms are producing homogenous products. This means that the products of all firms are identical and as a result there can be no marketing in terms of names of brands. All the producers and consumers have perfect information regarding the prices of the products. (Sloman,2006) Very few firms or industries come close to this model in the real world. We may see such conditions temporarily in the agricultural industry but, these do not exist in the long run. In perfect competition as stated in the assumptions above it is assu med that there are many small firms and that they cannot do anything to influence the market price. The firm’s contribution to the industry and market is so small that even if it changes its output it will have no effect on the market price of the product. Thus, the firm can produce any quantity hoping to sell all of it at market price. Considering this it is derived that the demand curve is perfectly elastic and thereby, marginal revenue earned for each additional output sold is same throughout. Therefore, the marginal revenue is equal to average revenue (Bamford et al 2002.). Thus, considering that the individual firms do not affect the market price the only real decision which they have to make is the level of output to be produced. This decision can be taken by taking into account the costs of production. Considering the basic objective of the firm is to maximize profits it will produce at the point where marginal costs equals marginal revenue (MC=MR). (Bamford et al. 200 2) The first thing which needs to be understood is the difference between the short run and the long run. During the short run the number of firms in the industry is fixed. This means that no new firms will be entering the market in the short run. The existing firms will have the chance to earn abnormal profits in the short run. However, in the long run there will be other firms entering the market. Firms will enter the market if there will be signs of abnormal profits. On the other hand, if there are losses some firms may also leave the industry. (Sloman,2006) The total revenue to be earned by the firm will be equal to the price multiplied by the quantity sold. If the total cost of producing this specified number of units is lesser than the total revenue then it can be said that the firm is making abnormal profits. This will actually be an incentive for the firm to keep producing at the current rate. However, if total revenue equals total coast (TR=TC), then the firm is barely maki ng it to the breakeven point. It is this point where the firm is earning normal profits. On the other hand, it is plausibility that the total cost is greater than the total revenue. If the costs are greater, the firm may exit the industry altogether. This may not be the case at all times. If the total revenue is greater than

Babybot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Babybot - Essay Example Accurate hand movements are vital for packaging and assembly positions (Thomas et al. 2014). To determine the relationship between employees’ scores on the manual dexterity test and their performance ratings, we take employees’ scores on manual dexterity test as x and performance rating as y. then we will determine slope M using the equation This implies that for every one unit of employee’s performance rate, there is 1.25 units of employees score on manual dexterity test. This means that increase in employees score on manual dexterity test by one unit implies that the performance rate increases by 1.25 units. If we assume that candidates with scores above 43 on the manual dexterity test were hired, this means that these candidates have a predicted performance 85. Looking at the sex issue, we see that the number of males hired is seven (7) and the number of females hired is 13, all of them above the cutoff of 43. Similarly, on race six (6) Hispanics, eight (8) whites and six (6) blacks were hired. Calculating in terms of percentages indicates that 81.25% females and 50% males were employed. The percentage of Spanish employed is 66.67%, blacks and whites hired were 66.67% and 81.25% respectively. Thus, the use of this test has adverse effects on sex in that the number of females hired was higher than the numbers of males hired. The use of this test discriminated males and favored females. Out of the total number of Hispanic candidates six of them were hired translating to 66.67%. 6/10 blacks were hire which is equivalent to 60%. 8/11 whites hired which is 72.73%. Therefore, the use of this test led to the employment of more whites than Hispanics and blacks. In view of the validity of the results, I would recommend the use of this kind of test because it is quick, easy to use and economical to administer measure of manual dexterity. Sub tests require no scoring keys and are quick to

Effects of Evaluation and Monitoring of Ecde Programmes Essay Example for Free

Effects of Evaluation and Monitoring of Ecde Programmes Essay The researcher will attempt to investigate the background information, statement of the problem, purpose of the study; objective of the study, significant of the study, limitation of the study and delimitation of the study. The period between 0-6 years is also referred to as formative years. According to guideline series (2006) children are extremely dependent on the people for life sustaining support for example in provision of food, shelter, clothing and attention. Through interaction, punishment and rewards children turn to be individuals whom teachers, parents and other care givers want them to be. This period is very important for children because it is the foundation of their total life. Experiences of these years continue to influence the individual throughout life. It is also a period of the fastest growth and development in all aspects. The brain of the child is most malleable at this stage and hence influences such as care have greater impact. It is therefore very important to invest in early years of a child because research findings show that holistic development of an individual is during thee years Ragor(2008). Most recognized psychologist like Freud and Piaget came up with their theories after many years of observing infants in their formative years. In the united states of America(USA), the CCB is dedicated to enhancing the quality and affordable child care services for all families that was according internet(July 2001). CCB administers federal funds to states territories and tribes to assist low income families in accessing child care service while parents participate in education or training activities. CCB also funds a network of Technical Assistance projects that promote quality and strengthen programme administration. It also shares research findings and help policy makers, programme administrators, communities, caregivers and parents to understand and make good decisions about child care. In Mauritius ECDE is under the Ministry of Women Rights, child development, family welfare and Ministry of Education. 0% of pre-school are run by the state. In 1998 Ministry of Education Acts put the teacher pupil ratio of 1:19. The sector is dominated by untrained caregivers with no minimum qualification. There are three types of staff for example school directors, teachers, and assistant teachers. Teachers have a general education of specific training for pre-school teaching provided by credited Mauritius institute of Education. Teachers and their assistants are paid by the government. Teachers, helpers, learners and auxiliary staff are paid by Parents Teachers Association (PTA). The researcher found that in Kenya after independence the government got directly involve in education activities of young children. Nursery schools and Day-care centres were established. They became directly under the Ministry of Health and Home Affairs. These ministries inspected schools that were stated at that time. The responsibility was later shifted to the Ministry of Education. Many seminars were held which covered all areas including co-ordination, supervision, provision of materials, research and sources of finance. Training programmes were organized for trainers and supervisors so that they could monitors and evaluate ECDE programmes in the grassroots level. However currently according to Ngaroga(2006) the government to contributed to the current expenditure on early childhood development education (ECDE) is 0. 1% where as the primary education is free. At the county level, the ECDE teachers are employed and paid by different employers namely community, parents, local authorities or Faith Based Organizations (FBO). This combination of emotional security and stimulation does not just happen. Those developing and implementing curriculum should bear in mind the ways in which they will create these. Active planning of good routine and activities as well as toys and equipment that will encourage children to play and explore is fundamental. Teachers, caregivers and parents ought to have knowledge skills and attitudes towards helping children to acquire them. Despite government vision to have education for all by the year (2015), quality education has never been realized since the ECDE sector has not been given the attention it deserves. Ngaroga(2005) states that little has been done about educational assessment which should be conducted by various professionals in order to establish the educational needs of the child. This involves very thorough examination of the child in relation to the capabilities and handicap the child is identified to be having. This assessment involves various personnel in different fields. Evaluation and monitoring motivates the learner and measures his or her achievement of the intended objectives and progress. It also enables teachers to give an objective report of an individual child’s performance and determine the usefulness of the method used in teaching children. Thus provides the basis for improving educational programmes.

The Emergence of the Novel Essay Example for Free

The Emergence of the Novel Essay According to Julien D. Bonn in A Comprehensive Dictionary of Literature, a novel is a ‘long fictional narrative in prose, which developed from the novella and other early forms of narrative.’ Additionally, E.M. Forster in attempting to the define the term ‘novel’ in Aspects of the Novel cites the definition of a Frenchman named Abel Chevally; ‘a fiction in prose of a certain extent’ and adds that he defines ‘extent’ as over 50,000 words. The novel tends to depict imaginary characters and situations but may include references to real places, people and events. Even though its characters and actions are imaginary, they are in some sense representative of real life. The emergence of the novel in its recognizably modern form, unlike the emergence of drama and poetry, can be traced back to Europe in the 18th century. The various factors that gave rise to the novel in English, which are more or less interrelated, include the rise of literacy, the explosion of the printing culture as well as the rise of individualism. One factor that gave rise to the novel in English was the rise of literacy. The novel emerged as a fully evolved literary form in the mid-eighteenth century in Samuel Richardson’s ‘Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. A novel is usually organized under a plot of theme with a focus on character development and action. The novel is a young genre, a tiny infant indeed in comparison to poetry and drama, both of which seems to be as old as humanity. The educational system was not influenced significantly by the scientific revolution prior to the Enlightenment. Through the scientific revolution a great deal of traditional views at that time such as superstition and religion were broken down. Scientific facts and reasoning were now held at high esteem and great focus was placed on these two concepts. Philosophers such as John Locke went on to postulate that knowledge is obtained through sensation and reflection. This postulation was the basis of Locke’s theory that everyone has the same capacity of sensation, and education should not be restricted to a certain class or gender. Prior to the 17th and 18th century, literacy was generally restricted to males who belonged to the categories of nobles, mercantile, and professional classes but with the development of the education system, education was now provided to all classes. The literacy rate in Europe from the 17th century to the 18th century grew significantly. With the rise in literacy there was now a public demand for the novel. There were changes in the public cultural institutions, such as libraries and museums. The public libraries were now funded by the state and were accessible to everyone for free. Prior to the Enlightenment, libraries in Europe were restricted mostly to academies, aristocratic and private owners. During the 18th century, the price of books were too high for the average person, especially the most popular works such as an encyclopedias. Therefore, the public libraries offered commoners a chance of reading literates that could only be afforded by the wealthier classes. Thus the average, run of the mill individual who felt that need to put their thoughts to paper did exactly that and could do so effectively because of their educational exposure. Another factor that gave rise to the novel in English was the explosion of the printing culture. The modern novel is said to be the child of the printing press which is strongly connected to the rise in literacy. The number of books being published in the period of Enlightenment increased dramatically due to the increase in literacy rate and the increase in demand for books. Now that more people were literate, more people wished to write. Yet, prior to the inception of the printing press, writers would have to literally write their texts by hand. This proved to be very monotonous and discouraged many writers from penning books. However, the explosion of the print culture in the 18th century was both the result and cause of the increase in literacy. The number of books being published in the period of Enlightenment increased dramatically due to the increase in literacy rate and the increase in demand for books. There was a shift in interest in the categories of books, in the 17th century, religious books had comprised around half of all books published. However, throughout the century, the percentage of traditional genres such as religion has dropped to one-tenth by 1790 and there was an increase in popularity for the almanacs. Yet another factor that gave rise to the novel in English was the rise in individualism. Individualism is one of the cornerstones of the Enlightenment. It is a philosophy stressing the recognition of every person as a valuable individual with inalienable, inborn rights. Individualism highlighted man’s ability to reason, to look past the traditions and conventions that had dominated Europe in the past, and to make decisions for himself. Moreover, these ideas represented the separation and autonomy of man’s intellect from God—a development that opened the door to new discoveries and ideas and threatened the most powerful of Europe’s long-standing institutions. People were now writing about other people who were just like them.

Development of Chiles Economic Model

Development of Chiles Economic Model William Rodriguez Bibliography B: ‘Formal’ (post-colonial) economic and social development policies, plans, programs and projects, from the dawn of the ‘development era’ up to the present time in Chile. Introduction To obtain a complete perspective and framework of the economic and social development of Chile after the independence to the present time it is essential to see the evolution of the political forces and policies that have shaped the country throughout history. After independence, the institutions and the economy showed no substantial changes for the reason that the revolutionaries were the Landowners, therefore the political power and economy remained oligarchic and centralized. However through time, Chile has had dramatic changes in the social, economic and political structure (Luders, 1993), furthermore sharing similar circumstances with other countries in Latin America such as, social inequality, economic inequality, inflation and dictatorial governments. This bibliography B will analyse the different periods in the history of Chile, going through the changes that the country has experienced since the independence in 1818 to the institutional rupture in 1973 to the transition and consolidation of democracy in 1990. Bibliography PETRAS, J. 1969. Chapter 1: Economic development and Social Change; Chapter 4: The Middle Class; Chapter 6: Christian Democracy; Chapter 9: The Future of Chilean Politics. Politics and social forces in Chilean Development. Berkeley, University of California Press. Petras presents an interesting narrative of all political parties and forces that shaped the development of Chile before the institutional rupture in 1973. In this book, the author argues that the economic and political control was run by the usual elites and middle-class industrialists, however, obvious signs of agricultural and proletarian groups demanding more participation were increasingly visible. According to Petras, Chilean society was a democratic society. However, very few people were involved in the political process because they were controlled by the elite with the socio-economic power, the political parties driving the country according the author were: the Popular Action Front (FRAP) and the Christian Democratic, usually sharing interests and giving no participation to the lowest in the social strata. During the nineteenth century and the twentieth century each president appointed his successor by controlling the ruling classes and elections, political and social reforms were directed by the political class, and society basically was divided into the owners of properties and farmworkers. However according to the author, industrialization has played a role in the development of sectors such as the middle class sectors, strengthening this working class and giving them a more participatory role in Chilean politics and society. The author claims that, the working class must lead the way to change, integrating and becoming a significant force for political and economic development in the country. However, modernization and industrialization created a big difference in the social structure, promoting uneven development between classes during that period. GIL, F., LAGOS ESCOBAR, R. LANDSBERGER, H. 1979. Chapter 1: The Difficult Road to Socialism: the Chilean Case from a Historical Perspective; Chapter 2: The evolution Of the Chilean Political System 1952-1970; chapter 3: The Unidad Popular: A Historical Vision of the Transition to socialism. Chile at the Turning Point, lessons of the socialist years 1970-1973. Philadelphia, institute for the Study of Human Issues. According to the authors, until 1973 Chile had a political stability and the economy before 1952 was characterized by the expansion of the industrial sector. This apparent stability change with the election of Allende in 1970 and what he called the second round to socialism. Allende’s socialist strategies and the actions taken by his government by the nationalization of businesses, industry and banking system, gave way to a political unrest encouraging a system of confrontation; Government run out of options losing control of the country thus facilitating a military coup in 1973. The end of the democracy came with the authoritarian military rule in Chile in 1973, consequently, new policies for inversion, market and international trade, were created. New forms of transforming the economy took place, as well as changes in foreign policy, health services, education, industry and political system. VALDEZ, J. 1995. Chapter 1: Authoritarians without a Project; Chapter 9: In search of Politics; Chapter 10: The elusive Hegemony. Pinochets Economists: The Chicago School of Economics in Chile. Cambridge University Press. The social and political repression of the Pinochet period managed to make possible the implementation of economic changes in 1973, a commitment to free markets and the union of economists with similar ideals enabled the economic growth of the country. The book presents a description of how the government changed the economy of Chile during the Pinochet period, explaining how the group called â€Å"the Chicago boys took control of the economy, initiating economic neo-liberal free trade and radical development strategies to improve the economy. According to the author many of these strategies remained active even after the return to democracy. Valdez (1995), claims that the measures taken by this group of economists represented a record growth in the economy furthermore showing that a highly political environment and ideas provide a solid foundation for the implementation of public policies. BORZUTZKY, S. OPPENHEIM, L. 2006. Chapter 1: The Arduous Road to Democracy; Chapter 2: The consolidation of the Market. After Pinochet: The Chilean Road to Democracy and the Market. University Press of Florida. This book is a collective work of 8 professors, focusing on the period after the Pinochet government and the path to the democracy of Chile, the authors analyse the effect of institutions, market, health care, foreign policy, pensions, and public policies in the Chilean economy and society. Concentrating on the period of 1990-2006 this book is a view on all the factors involved in Chilean society during the twentieth century, including human rights, external politics, openness to market, economic policies, abortion, divorce, political institutions, church and the process of consolidation of democracy through democratically elected governments after the Pinochet regime. Contrary to what other authors argue, Borzutzky (2006) claims that the health policies adopted by Pinochet created a discriminatory system by reducing the budget in the public sector, consequently reducing the quality of the health services. Thea author also argues that the open market philosophy and privatization of the industry constituted a setback for those peasants who legally obtained and worked the land during that period. Discussion â€Å"In the last decades, Chile has suffered drastic changes in its economic, political, and social structure† (Santos, 2005), therefore, to have a detailed understanding and a comprehensive framework of the development of the country it is necessary to analyse the different periods in its history. Petras (1969) and Gil (1979) present a vision of the economy and society before the institutional rupture in 1973, Valdez (1995) poses a vision of the economy and society during the authoritarian military rule, and Borzutzky Oppenheim (2006) focus on the period after the military rule. This diversity of authors presents a complete view of all the elements that have shaped the economy and society in Chile. Petras (1969) and Gil (1979), agree that the economic and political power of Chile before 1973 was in the hands of â€Å"elites† and industrial merchants leaving no participation to the working class in politics, however, this centralized power helped maintain the political stability in the nation for many decades. According to the authors, projects and programs during this period were focused on benefiting the elites, but by the time of the 1970’s, development had increased the gap in the social structure producing a marked inequality in social and economic sectors. Democratic recovery, political stability, and economic growth seem to be the keys for the recent development of the nation (Santos, 2005). However, According to Valdez (1995), Borzutzky () Oppenheim (2006), the political repression of the Pinochet period and the implementation of social and economic reforms, created the basis for the development and economic growth of the country. The reforms made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹in order to obtain equal opportunities for citizens in terms of health, education, macroeconomic policy, openness to market, and mass privatization of enterprises were key achievements for the reactivation of the economy. A large-scale privatization occurred in Chile by 1974, approximately 550 companies were privatized (Luders, 1993). Consequently the private sector became responsible for growth and also was in charge of financing most of the investment in the country. Furthermore, a greater emphasis was placed on improving exports, avoid monopoly, strengthen the industry, and opening the economy to market. Valdez (1995) suggests that the rapid growth in that period, was due measures taken by â€Å"the Chicago boys a group of young economists who implemented neo-liberal economic policies in the country. In conclusion, Chile is today a clear proof of the imposition of the liberal model upon the economic and political (Moulian, 1997), the effectiveness of the Chilean economic model has become internationally recognized, the low rates of inflation, its policy of Foreign Trade, high investment, trade liberalization, search for social equality, competitiveness, success on social programs in health and education, improvement of labour relations, aid to low-income families, economic Growth, and high levels of internal investment have marked Chile as one of the most successful developing countries in the Latin American area (Muà ±oz, 1993). References: LUDERS, R. 1993. The success and failure of the state-owned enterprise divestitures in a developing country, the case of chile. . The Columbia Journal of World Business. MOULIAN, T. 1997. Chile actual. Anatomà ­a de un mito. Santiago: Arcis-Lom. MUÑOZ, H. 1993. La polà ­tica econà ³mica en la transicià ³n. Santiago: CIEPLAN. In: MCMAHON, J. A. M. Y. G. (ed.) Chile en transicià ³n: Estrategia econà ³mica y polà ­tica. SANTOS, A. 2005. The Chilean dilemma: between economic development and the deepening of democracy Oxford University Press.

Conflict Between US And USSR History Essay

Conflict Between US And USSR History Essay In the stressful conflict that accrued between the United States and the U.S.S.R. Was after the Second World War with Hitler. The United States and the Soviet Union In 1945 became the two leading super powers in Europe, with the USSR predominately occupying the countries of Eastern Europe. The United States was the peace keeper of the countries of Western Europe. These two superpowers, in Germany along with France and Britain, agreed on occupied areas of land which made up a framework for four-power control over Europes land mass. In the February meetings at Yalta, in July/August at Potsdam in 1945 the two superpowers and Britain negotiated to divide the states for a land territory settlement of Europe. When the Potsdam conference became serious many differences were fought over about the future evolving status of Germany and the rest of the states of Europe. Each meeting the super powers discussed the Far East They paid very close attention to the admittance of the USSR into the war against Japan. By 1947 an east-west division of states was manifesting its head with the Soviets seriously intending on undermining democracy and establishing puppet communist regimes in Eastern Europe. In Germany the Soviets were bent on crippling their economy and creating an overwhelming influence in their territory that they wanted to occupy. The Soviets defended their desires of Europe in terms of creating anti-Fascist governments which were friendly towards the USSR and her beliefs. The USSR was portraying the United States as bent on destroying communism while the United States portrayed the USSR as determined to undermining liberal democracy in the United States as well as Europe. The Cold War was marked by the Berlin Blockade Crisis of 1948-9. As time progressed the victory of Maos Red Army of the American sponsored Nationalist Government in China in 1949 and the Korean War in 1950, received pressure from the Soviet military occupation of Hungary in 1956. From Berlin on to 1958 leading up to the Wall crisis of 1961 in Berlin, Germany and the Missile Crisis in Cuba in 1962. During this time the Americans pulled their resources together and their new role as leader of the West was offering assistance to the economies of the Western European states they occupied through the implemented Marshall Plan of 1947. Recently allied to an emerging alliance of Western European states America signed the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949; taking the lead in controlling the Federal Republic of Germany from the three Western zones that were occupied in 1949. In the early 1950s America worked for rearming of these new states and its full membership in North Atlantic Treaty Organization during the year 1955. The USSR proclaimed its territories in Germany as the German Democratic Republic completely created a formal alliance with its Eastern European new friends in 1955 which created the Warsaw Pact Treaty Organization. The Americans concluded an alliance in Asia making a peace treaty with Japan in 1951 and 1952 and included other states such as Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and the Philippines, within a series of alliances, while the USSR finished an alliance with China in 1950. but the Americans gradually became entangled in a more complex war in Vietnam while the war in Korea ended in 1953 in which it supported the South Vietnam against North Vietnam which the north was backed by the USSR and China. Throughout this era the two countries made policies of rearming of nuclear weapons with continued developed of long-range weapons where they could destroy each other from their own countries. The Cuban Missile Crisis relations got much better after the agreements were finished in stabilizing the situations in Europe. The Quadripartite Agreement from Berlin in 1971 led to the two German states entering the United Nations in 1973. The Helsinki Accords agreed the Co-operation in Europe in 1975 which appeared to mark a tacit peace treaty to end the Cold War and World War II by the Conference on Security. Agreements that limited the nuclear arms race were also finished. The conflict between the superpowers kept on going even through this era of this easing, as of tension between competitors. Even in new areas of rivalry such as was in Africa crossed its Continent while the betterment of relations continued between China and, the United States with the added work of President Nixon, the Secretary of State Kissinger, and Premier Chou En-Lai. Together they eased the tensions between the United States and the USSR worsening the relations between her and China. This gave a new shap e to negotiations towards peace between the two superpowers in the 1970s. By the mid-1970s the Cold War in its original form can be said to have died away. The arms race between East and West had all the characteristics of a classic action-reaction model of international conflict in which each side reacts to an earlier step by the other side. The explanation of the origins of the conflict is more complex, though three broad categories of explanation can be identified. First, some analysts have emphasized that the Cold War occurred primarily as a result of the destruction of German power, the resulting power vacuum in Central Europe and the new bipolar balance of power between the superpowers. From this perspective, the Cold War was a traditional great power conflict in which ideological rivalry was essentially secondary and the structural constraints of bipolarity crucial in throwing the two sides apart. A second explanation, sometimes called the orthodox or liberal interpretation, stresses the American desire for a return to a much more limited internatio nal role after the Second World War. However, after having begun to disarm and disengage from Europe, the Americans were obliged by Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe to take up in 1947 a much more active, and unsought for, role in Europe in order to contain Soviet power. A third explanation stresses the long-term objective of the American capitalist power to undermine communism and to expand American power throughout the Middle East, the Far East, and all of Europe. Some writers in this category thus trace the Cold War back to American opposition to the 1917 Russian Revolution. Of course, many accounts weave together two or even all three of these broad categories. In the 1980s there was a short-lived but intensive reawakening of the Cold War, sometimes called the New Cold War. DÃ ©tente petered out in the late 1970s, arms control faltered, and in December 1979 the Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan. From the year 1980 onward the USSR exerted intense pressure over the government of Poland. In the United States Reagan denounced the Soviet Union in ideological terms and in Britain Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union in ideological terms which was unheard of since the worst days of the Cold War. On the Western side there was rearmament in Europe, under the so-called double-track policy of NATO, changes in the American doctrine of deterrence which appeared to emphasize the political utility of limited nuclear war, and the American pursuit of defenses against Soviet missiles in the Strategic Defense Initiative. In the post-year 1945 era it was difficult to disentangle action and reaction between the two sides. In any case, by 1987 the two superpower s had moved decisively back towards a better agreement on treaties by 1989 while Soviet power itself had crumbled. The US and Russian agreements needed to work together against terrorism after September 11, 2001 which marked the most dramatic change in their relations since the start of the Cold War in 1948. The imploded views of the socialists in Europe in 1989 started this new European order. Germany was brought back together, healing the pain and suffering along Europes heart and soul. This time in history that has been described as the Cold War, needed to be ended. Soviet spokesperson Gennadi Gerasimov stated, this era of conflict had last from Yalta to Malta, a reference to the time between the famous 1945 summit and a brief conference with the U.S. President George Bush including Gorbachev off the coast of the neutral island of Malta in December 1989. Latter at a summit, Gorbachev announced the end of an era and the start of a new one, a lasting and peaceful one, promising that he would never start a hot war against the United States. Bush said, that he looked forward to enduring cooperation. The real end to the period would come two years later, when the Soviet Union ceased to exist. (Freedman, L. 2010)