Hospital Pharmacy Essay -- Medicine

The subspecialty in apothecarys shop I choose is hospital pharmacy. As a current employee at the University of Utah inpatient pharmacy, I see the implementation of the concepts of pharmacy informatics discussed in class. Pharmacy informatics enables me to practice pharmacy quickly, safely, and in the best interests of the patient. The computerized physician order entry allows for less error and requires less interpretation by the pharmacy staff. This saves the pharmacists era which they can allocate to validating more orders.Having a computer system with the ability to verify a drug ordered via the NDC number and implementing a final check by a pharmacist is a great contributor to patient safety. Pharmacy informatics provides us with the computer systems, databases, and interfaces to ensure the patient is getting the correct drug in the correct strength at the correct time for the disease. The medicinal drug use cycle consists of prescribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring.(1) As mentioned previously, the computerized physician order entry communicates the order to the pharmacy. This order perfectly cannot be dispensed until a pharmacist verifies the order, whereby it is sent to the work path to be pulled. The interface between these two systems is crucial to the retrieval of the drug for administration. The neighboring step is administration to the patient by the nurse. The nurse relies on the electronic health check record to indicate what drug is needed for a patient and the time of administration. This again relies on a crucial interface between the system in which the pharmacist verifies the order and its subsequent appearance on the electronic medical record. Depending on whether the medicine cabinet has the drug or th... ...le of standards and vocabulary is crucial for clinical decision support (CDS) to function properly. The basis of the knowledge possessed by the CDS is the ontology programmed within it. It lacks the ability to critically think and only possesses the knowledge programmed within it via standards. If one system is using one vocabulary and trying to communicate with other system which is using a different vocabulary, the system will not understand. This can result in medication errors or lack of proper medication therapy and management. References1. Lombardi, P.T. (2000). Closing the Loop Implementing Quality Improvement Processes and Advances in Technology to Decrease Medication Error. MedScape Today.2. Van der Maas, A.F. et al. (2001). Requirements for Medical Modeling Languages. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001 Mar-Apr 8(2) 146162.

Themes in The Old Man and the Sea :: Old Man and the Sea Essays

Themes in The Old manhood and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a heroic tale of gentlemans strength pitted against forces he can non control. It is a tale about an old Cuban fisherman and his three-day battle with a giant Marlin. through and through the substance abuse of three prominent themes friendship, intrepidity, and Christianity the Old Man and the Sea strives to t from each one important life lessons to the reader. The relationship surrounded by the old man and the boy is introduced early in the story. They be unlikely companions one is old and the other young, yet they share an insuperable amount of follow and loyalty for each other. capital of Chile does not serve Manolin as a young boy simply rather as an equal. Age is not a f effector in their relationship. Manolin does not even act as a young boy he is mature and sensitive to Santiagos feelings. He even offers to go against his parents wishes and take after Santiago on his fishing trips. Santiago is view ed as an outcast in his village because he has not caught any fish for more than eighty-four long time and is therefore unlucky. Nonetheless Manolin is loyal to Santiago and even when his parents forbid him he wants to help his friend. Their conversations are comfortable, like that of two friends who have known each other for their whole lives. When they speak it is usually about baseball or fishing, the two things they have approximately in common. Their favorite team is the Yankees and Santiago neer loses faith in them even when the star player, Joe DiMaggio is injured with a heel spur. In this way Santiago not only teaches Manolin about fishing but also about important characteristics such as faith. In the story Santiagos bravery is unsurpassed but it is not until he hooks the great fish that we truly see his valor and perseverance. Through Santiagos actions Hemingway teaches the reader about bravery and perseverance in the face of adversity. He demonstrates that even when all is lost and seems hopeless a willful heart and faith will overmaster anything. Santiago had lost his luckiness and therefore the respect of his village. Through the description of his cabin we also suspect that Santiago is a widower. Although Santiago has had many troubles he perseveres. He has faith in Manolin, in the Yankees, in Joe DiMaggio, and nearly importantly in himself.Themes in The Old Man and the Sea Old Man and the Sea Essays Themes in The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a heroic tale of mans strength pitted against forces he cannot control. It is a tale about an old Cuban fisherman and his three-day battle with a giant Marlin. Through the use of three prominent themes friendship, bravery, and Christianity the Old Man and the Sea strives to teach important life lessons to the reader. The relationship between the old man and the boy is introduced early in the story. They are unlikely companions one is old and the other young, yet they share an in superable amount of respect and loyalty for each other. Santiago does not treat Manolin as a young boy but rather as an equal. Age is not a factor in their relationship. Manolin does not even act as a young boy he is mature and sensitive to Santiagos feelings. He even offers to go against his parents wishes and accompany Santiago on his fishing trips. Santiago is viewed as an outcast in his village because he has not caught any fish for more than eighty-four days and is therefore unlucky. Nonetheless Manolin is loyal to Santiago and even when his parents forbid him he wants to help his friend. Their conversations are comfortable, like that of two friends who have known each other for their whole lives. When they speak it is usually about baseball or fishing, the two things they have most in common. Their favorite team is the Yankees and Santiago never loses faith in them even when the star player, Joe DiMaggio is injured with a heel spur. In this way Santiago not only teaches Manol in about fishing but also about important characteristics such as faith. In the story Santiagos bravery is unsurpassed but it is not until he hooks the great fish that we truly see his valor and perseverance. Through Santiagos actions Hemingway teaches the reader about bravery and perseverance in the face of adversity. He demonstrates that even when all is lost and seems hopeless a willful heart and faith will overcome anything. Santiago had lost his luckiness and therefore the respect of his village. Through the description of his cabin we also suspect that Santiago is a widower. Although Santiago has had many troubles he perseveres. He has faith in Manolin, in the Yankees, in Joe DiMaggio, and most importantly in himself.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

After she reveals the "dastardly deed" to her keep up, he becomes understandably foment in his frustration he shares the outside world with her, the ignorance of the serious business world, and destroys her innocence and self-esteem. This disillusion marks the final destructive blow to her dolls house. Their ideal fundament including their marriage and parenting has been a fabrication for the sake of society. Noras decision to precede this false life behind and discover for herself what is real is directly symbolic of womans ultimate realization. Although she becomes apprised of her supposed subordinateness, it is not because of this that she has the desire to take action. Nora is utterly confused, as suggested by Harold Clurman, "She is groping sadly in a maze of confused feeling toward a way of life and a destiny of which she is most uncertain (256)." The one thing she is aware of is her ignorance, and her desire to go out into the world is not to " strain herself" besides to discover and educate herself. She must strive to find her individuality. That the perception of woman is inaccurate is also supported by the role of Torvald. Woman is believed to be subordinate to the domineering husband. Instead of being the strong supporter and protector of his family, Noras husband is a mean and cowardly man. Worried about his reputation he cares little about his wifes feelings and fails to notice many of her needs. The popular impression of man is discarded in favor of a more realistic view, thus illustrating societys distort views. Ibsen, through this controversial play, has an impact upon societys view of the subordinate position of women. By describing this role of woman, discussing its effects, and predicting a change in contemporary views, he stressed the importance of womans realization of this believed inferiority. Woman should no longer be seen as the shadow of man, but a person in herself, with her own triumphs and tragedies. The exploration of Nora reveals that she is dependant upon her husband and displays no independent standing. Her progression of understanding suggests womans future ability to comprehend their plight. Her state of shocked awareness at the end of the play is representative of the wake of society to the changing view of the role of woman. "A Dolls House" magnificently illustrates the need f... ...le that Nora expects and the miracle that actually happens are entirely different. Nora dreams of the day that her husband will see with her and cease to be the dominating figure with the "upper hand" in their relationship. She expects him to understand her struggles with the law and to be willing to take some of the blame himself. However, when he reacts to Krogstads letter by exhibiting more dominance and control than ever before, Nora becomes more aware of her own individual needs as a woman in society. She understands that in order to be free, she must develop her own view of the world, by setting herself apart from the control and determinism that males have over her life. Therefore, Noras decision to leave her husband and family is ironic because it proves to be the "miracle" she is waiting for, rather than the one she originally expected. Nora becomes a feminist heroine in the play by showing what women can achieve, but rarely attempt. The determinism that many men force on their women partners in society (in forms of control, dominance, and power) restricts the womens ability to strengthen as individuals, and gain their own self-determinism.

Multimedia :: essays research papers

Multimedia, or mixed-media, systems offer presentations that integrateeffects existing in a variety of degreeats, including text, graphics,animation, audio, and video. Such presentations first became commercially on hand(predicate) in very primitive form in the early 1980s, as a result of advancesthat comport been made in digital compression technology-- particularly thedifficult area of image compression. Multimedia online services areobtainable through telephone/ reckoner or television links, multimediahardware and software exist for personal computers, networks, the internet,interactive kiosks and multimedia presentations are available on CD-ROMs andvarious other mediums. The pulmonary tuberculosis of multimedia in our society has it benefitsand its drawbacks, most defiantly. Some of the more computer-related uses ofmultimedia, such as electronic publishing, the internet, and computers ineducation will be discussed in depth thought this paper.Electronic publishing is the publi shing of material in a computer-accessiblemedium, such as on a CD-ROM or on the Internet. In a broader sense of theterm it could also include paper products published with the aid of a desktoppublishing program, or any form of printing that involves the use of acomputer.Reference works became available in the mid-1980s both in CD-ROM format andonline. Increasingly, in the 1990s, magazines, journals, contains, andnewspapers have become available in an electronic format, and some areappearing in that format only. Companies that publish technical manuals toaccompany their other products have also been turning to electronicpublishing.Electronic books have been recently introduced to the world as a whole. Thisnew concept is the use of internet or otherwise computer technology toelectronically convert books to a digital, readable format viewed on atelevision set or computer screen. This would most likely be through with(p) by scanningin individual pages in a book, arrange them in orderl y fashion, and haveusers be able to cycle back and forth amid the photo-identical pages. Thismethod would be very quick, and very easy to accomplish- that is- scanningpages as opposed to re-typing millions of words is preferred. This brings usto another method in electronic book production- the interactive method. Indigital format, the books pages can only be viewed, just like a book. If areader would want to grow notes from a book, he/she would have to write downthe notes by hand, or would be forced to photo-copy the page(s). If the bookwas typed out entirely as would be done by an electronic word processor suchas Microsoft Word, users would greatly benefit. The ability for the computerto recognize the words on the screen as existing words as opposed to mere

The Courage of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

Courage is a theme that is shown throughout the entire epic of Beowulf. By definition courage is the state or eccentric of mind or spirit that enables one to face danger, fear, or vicissitudes on ones own will and determination. There are many things form the epic that could be used to prove this statement, but I chose to use the section entitled The Final Battle. In this section there are two great speeches tending(p) by both Beowulf and Wiglaf. I believe that in both of these monologues courage is portrayed by the two warriors, and it is easy to see why.In Section 14, lines 674-685 Beowulf says, ....I smell out no shame, with shield and sword and armor, against this monster when he comes to me I mean to deadlock, not to run from his shooting flames, stand tillfate decides which one of us wins. My heart is firm, my hands calm I need nohot words. Wait for me close by, my friends. We shall see, soon, who will survivethis bloody battle, stand when the fighting is done. No on e else could do what Imean to, here, no man but me could hope to defeat this monster. No one couldtry...Now, this passage pretty much explains Beowulfs courage without an interpretation, but for the sake of argument I will interpret it for you. Beowulf is saying that he has no fear in fighting this monster, because he means to stand and not run. He says that his heart is firm and his hands are calm,...

preparation of isopentyl acetate :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTIONIsopentyl acetate, "banana oil", is a naturally occurring compound that possesses a distinctive odor. It is found in bananas, as well as numerous former(a) organisms.This experiment attempts to produce isopentyl acetate by heating under reflux, which involves heating the mixture in a flask with a condenser place vertically in the neck since any escaping vapours condense and run back into the flask, by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic acid and an acid catalyst. The ware was isolated using a combination of techniques -- acid-base extraction, drying, and distillation -- and was characterized by its boiling temperature and its refractive index.Esterification is a condensation reaction where two molecules are joined in concert to form a larger molecule with the simultaneous loss of water. This ester in this experiment is isopentyl acetate formed from acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. The reaction is catalyzed by hydrochloric acid, a Fisher esterification pr ocess, (McMurry, p780-781) but the catalyst affects only the rate of reaction, and not the extent of reaction. The desired product accumulates only if the equilibrium eternal is favorable.As it happens, the equilibrium constant for this reaction is rather small (4) (comparing bond energies in the reactants and products will tip you off as to why the equilibrium constant is so small). Therefore, simply assortment equal amounts of the starting materials will convert only about 67% of the starting material into product.To drive the equilibrium forward Le Chateliers principle is used, in this case there are two ways to adjust reagent concentrations to force isopentyl alcohol to become isopentyl acetate. One way is to remove product as it forms. The other way is to use a large unornamented of acetic acid. This experiment is based on the latter approach, but it raises two issues. We can use excess acetic acid only if acetic acid is cheap, and if unreacted acetic acid can be removed eas ily from the product mixture (Organic chemistry lab. Manual, p32). In this lab had to use acid- base extraction process. Since isopentyl acetate is soluble in diethyl ether, but acetic acid is soluble in both solvents. Therefore, a unanalyzable extraction procedure would remove only some of the acetic acid from isopentyl acetate, but it would not completely separate the two compounds.An acid-base extraction improves on the mere(a) two-solvent extraction scheme by using acid-base reactions to change acetic acid into another compound with different solubility behavior. Hence, we convert acetic acid into, atomic number 11 acetate, and obtain a compound that is soluble in water, but not in diethyl ether.

My Problem With Standards: Implementing Group Work in the Non-Traditional Enlish Classroom :: Learning Teaching Essays

My Problem With Standards Implementing Group Work in the Non-Traditional Enlish ClassroomThis experience open my eyes. I learned a lot, and my ideas and ideals spend a penny changed since I completed the frontmost part of this project. As a student teacher in a vocational program, academics were not the priority of these studentstheir specialties and there outside jobs were. At first, I found this challenging in a negative way but gradually, I truism possibilities.The biggest challenge that I saw as far as my inquiry project went lay in how I would implement all of the research that I had done on how great group work is all around. Mainly this was due to the fact that I approached this topic with a very idealistic, wide-ranging view.The first part of this project was very much a head knowledge/research approved paper. As I read over it now, I could not possibly have had a lot of hard ideas on how I could actually implement itand even if I did, I doubt that would have profited me . As I entered my class eight weeks ago, I had all of those wonderful ideals of collaborative learning before meit is what I wanted to see. But, as my grandmother always told me when I was little (and occasionally now), I want doesnt get. I see now that if all of my ideals had come easily to me in this experience, I wouldnt have learned a thing, and I definitely wouldnt have learned how to deal with the personality types and the needs of the students that I had.The class itself was within a non-hostile surroundings for the most part. The students were used to having too much autonomy, and thus my research statistic of 70-90% teacher talk in most classrooms was put out of touch. The problem consisted in not only the students having control of the class, but the fact that they had plenty of oral language abilities, and there was no need for me to try and develop them. These seniors had been working on one assignment since the beginning of the twelvemonth, and they were tired of look ing at it. Having said that, 80% of the students only had three, pencil corrected pages to show for a years worth of work. All of them were not responsive to correction. After my four weeks of observation, I was doubtful that these kids would do any learning, much less group learning, at all.

Goodbye Columbus Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Sometimes there are two novels that have the same theme, and sometimes they have the same plot, simply in the case of the two novels, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the novel Goodbye Columbus, by Philip Roth they explore the same dynamics of the chase of the American ambition. In both novels there are similar themes, they both use the idea of sex and money as a form of power. Both novels can relate to each separate be rush the authors decided to show how the pursuit of the American dream may non always be a good thing, and how sex and money can cause problems in that pursuit. Overall in both of the novels the reoccurring theme of sex, money and the search for the American dream is present and in both novels the authors show that just because it may seem like someone may have everything, that is not always the case. The idea of the red-hot world verses the old world is a major antecede in the novel Goodbye Columbus. In this novel there are two families who live very different lives. The Patimkin family, and the Klugman family. They spiel the struggle between the new and old world. The Patimkin family is the flush middle-class family and they live in the hills, they also belong to the country club, which is a representation of having money and living the American dream. The idea of belong to the country club is a major part of the novel. The country club gave the Patimkins a replica of middle class life in America. Since the Patimkins were Jewish they didnt have the opportunity to belong to a regular country club, they belonged to the Jewish one, which is why it was the closest replica of the American dream to them, because they were not allowed to be part of the non-Jewish country clubs. The Patimikins represent the new world, they achieved higher success and they are able to identify with the non-Jewish part of middle class ships company a lot more then their fellow Jewish immigrants who have not fully assimilated to society. On the o ther side of the coin there is the Klugman family. They represent the old world. They live in the valley with the rest of the Jewish immigrants and they live meagerly because they do not have that lots and they have not gained much success in their lives while living in the United States. The two characters that represent the old and new world are Brenda Patimkin and Neil Klugman. To Neil, Brenda represents what he doe... ...ce her to do something she didnt really want to do. Brenda too had her faults, she was raised thinking she was a princess, just as Daisy thought that she was special because she had always been raised as a wealthy young girl, and both women always got what they wanted. So when Brenda was with Neil she expected him to treat her the same way her father had always treated her, and she expected to get what she wanted when she wanted it. The conflict between what each person wanted is what lead to the end of both novels. In Goodbye Columbus Neil and Brenda split af ter Neil realizes that he wants a way out of the relationship, so the two end up breaking up in the end. In The Great Gatsby Daisy and Gatsby never end up together, but Gatsbys undying devotion to Daisy does end up getting him killed. This shows that the theme of sex in both novels is there to prove that it is not always the scoop thing to have and that it is not the foundation for a very good relationship. The theme of sex has more to do with having power, which is something that all of the characters in both novels dream about having. Bibliography The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald Goodbye Columbus, by Philip Roth

Essay --

Friendship is the best thing among humans, but sometimes it lavatory be utilisationd in a wrong way that could betray someone. In the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, friendship is not what it appears to be. It is easy to manipulate friendship with trickery. Cassius, Brutus, and all the other conspirators knew that they could use this to their benefit. The conspirators used friendship to blind Caesar from what was real happening. It was not friendship that was the cause of Caesar demise, but it was dishonesty. Also they used flattery along with other manipulation to cash in ones chips rid of any thoughts of distrust that Caesar may have had about their honesty. These are the ways one to gain someones trust. Friendship can be a wonderful part of life, but if it is not true friendship in which people are open and honest with each other, then it can turn into a very bad thing, sometimes even death.This friendship would soon be lost into disloyalty with Caesars assassination . Even though Caesar murdered by Brutus and Cassius, friendship still was a strong subject because it hided conspirators real pu...

The Changing Role of Human Resources :: Human Resources Essays

IntroductionIn most companies today, the HR matter provides spanking services to such stakeholders as job applicants, workers, supervisors, middle managers, and executives. Yet, the HR function tends to be located at the end of the business chain, on the reactive side, and likewise frequently centers on carrying out actions rather than achieving outcomes. The role of the HR function is frequently one of providing people, training, and secluded HR efforts after others have formulated organisational strategy and have initiated operational accomplishment. Cost centered management of worker benefits programs such as health insurance, workers compensation, and pension plans have also figure signally in an effort to control out of control operating costs (Dunn, 2006).DiscussionThe HRM department at our company does not really play a strategic role in the organization. Presently they spend the majority of their time doing the day to day things like hiring people, training, and other H R efforts that allow the business to function everyday. In order for business to achieve success in the every changing business world it is important for HR departments to become more strategically aligned with the overall goals and efforts of companies. There are three key reasons why businesses are changing their methods. The first is reducing costs. HR departments should no longer exigency to be seen as just a support function and cost center, they need to show their value. Secondly, it is the competitiveness of business today and the fight to employ and carry people that will help drive the business. Finally, HR departments are now expected to have an reading of how other departments function in order to brand name a valuable contribution to the whole of the business (Brockway, 2007).The HR professional who will succeed in guiding their organizations into the future will be those who understand and use business strategy understand corporate culture, plans and policies reco gnize future problems and work solutions can deal with all types of people can communicate salutary verbally and in writing and can recognize, recruit and train future executives. As organizations continue to move towards collective systems and combined financial resources for managing their human capital, we are likely to see more organizational structures combining both HR and Organizational Development (OD). The time has come to quit debating ODs involvement in HR systems and seek the present opportunities of showcasing the skills of OD in building organizational capacity and having a measurable impact on workforce productivity.

Essay --

Friendship is the best thing among humans, but sometimes it sewer be aimd in a wrong way that could betray someone. In the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, friendship is not what it appears to be. It is easy to manipulate friendship with trickery. Cassius, Brutus, and all the other conspirators knew that they could use this to their benefit. The conspirators used friendship to blind Caesar from what was real happening. It was not friendship that was the cause of Caesar demise, but it was dishonesty. Also they used flattery along with other manipulation to perk up rid of any thoughts of distrust that Caesar may have had about their honesty. These are the ways one to gain someones trust. Friendship can be a wonderful part of life, but if it is not true friendship in which people are open and honest with each other, then it can turn into a very bad thing, sometimes even death.This friendship would soon be lost into disloyalty with Caesars assassination. Even though Caesar m urdered by Brutus and Cassius, friendship still was a strong subject because it hided conspirators real pu...

The Changing Role of Human Resources :: Human Resources Essays

IntroductionIn most companies today, the HR accountability provides zippy services to such stakeholders as job applicants, workers, supervisors, middle managers, and executives. Yet, the HR function tends to be located at the end of the business chain, on the reactive side, and also frequently centers on carrying out actions rather than achieving outcomes. The role of the HR function is frequently one of providing people, training, and secluded HR efforts after others have formulated organisational strategy and have initiated operational accomplishment. Cost centered management of worker benefits programs such as health insurance, workers compensation, and pension plans have also figure signally in an effort to control out of control operating costs (Dunn, 2006).DiscussionThe HRM department at our company does not really play a strategic role in the organization. Presently they spend the majority of their time doing the day to day things like hiring people, training, and other HR efforts that allow the business to function everyday. In order for business to achieve success in the every changing business world it is important for HR departments to become more strategically aligned with the overall goals and efforts of companies. There be three key reasons why businesses are changing their methods. The first is reducing costs. HR departments should no longer insufficiency to be seen as just a support function and cost center, they need to show their value. Secondly, it is the competitiveness of business today and the fight to employ and observe people that will help drive the business. Finally, HR departments are now expected to have an visualiseing of how other departments function in order to solve a valuable contribution to the whole of the business (Brockway, 2007).The HR professional who will succeed in guiding their organizations into the future will be those who understand and use business strategy understand corporate culture, plans and polici es recognize future problems and work solutions can deal with all types of people can communicate healthy verbally and in writing and can recognize, recruit and train future executives. As organizations continue to move towards collective systems and combined financial resources for managing their human capital, we are likely to see more organizational structures combining both HR and Organizational Development (OD). The time has come to quit debating ODs involvement in HR systems and seek the present opportunities of showcasing the skills of OD in building organizational capacity and having a measurable impact on workforce productivity.

Not Much Just Chillin Essay

Change is known to be the most constant thing in the world. Hence, individuals are often ever-c wall hanging which break aways to conflicting issues in life. Moreover, every person gets into a stage where in a person needs to change. Most of us experience change during our moments in middle school. Every person during this time of his or her life experiences changes. In addition to this, there are interests which are discovered by these individuals. More so, the changes lead to the various kind personality developments.In the book written by Linda Perlstein titled Not Much Just Chillin she discussed the reality of middle school. through her observation, look for and writing, Perlstein is able to provide a very vivid and realistic condition of the students in middle school. Hence, it is very evident that middle school children are ordinarily confronted with issue to their families, environment as well as the media which are highly influential to the development of young people. T he book written by Perlstein provided a vivid example of the types of individuals within the middle school setting.There are the typical individuals such as the popular group, the geeks, the minor ethnicities and the likes. More so, the people who are interpreting the book could easily relate to the various types of individuals being portrayed in the book. Definitely, the book is presenting a very important aspect of the teenage life. Different separate of the book present a very good perspective of the situation in middle school. Moreover, the writing of Perlstein focuses on the perspective of the youth during their development into adulthood.In the light of this, the book provides a very easy reading to different individuals. For the book is discussing about the youth and their development, the book somehow r severallyes to the young audiences who are implicated in reading and understanding the stages of their development. The varieties of stages that are being experienced by di fferent groups in the middle school setting are discussed through a very descriptive style. On the other hand, parents must also read this book for it provides insights regarding the development of their children.Although it is known that parents have been in the same stage of youth, the changes and outlet of teenagers are still different in the current era. Also, professors and teachers must be able to comprehend the various types of students in school. More so, the book presents a descriptive perspective of the situation in the middle school setting however Perlstein does not provide any type of resolution regarding this matter. The readers are left hanging of what they could do in order to have a safe environment for different students.In conclusion, the book is a good read for individuals who are elicit in the psychological perspective of middle school age group. More so, there is nothing really shocking about the book provided by Perlstein. Through the very clear influence of media and the environment many youth are led to very complicated situations such as teenage pregnancy, drug addiction, and a changing perception with regards to responsibilities and adulthood. These problematic cases are stated to be caused by different entities provided in the earlier paragraphs. Therefore, all the entities become an important influence to the lives of each student.Definitely the book written by Perlstein is very informative however it also has the similar type of theme compared to other books available. Although this is the case, the book was able to bump off to me as a reader. Through the experiences which I had in the past, I know have a damp understanding of myself. Furthermore, I have a better understanding of the people surrounding me. Hence, I was able to create my own methods of addressing the issues of different personalities and perspectives. Due to the book written by Perlstein I was able to have intercourse a book relating to various kinds of indivi duals.

Bureau of Correction Essay

Corrections in the Philippines started during pre-colonial times when the task was community-based. It was only during the Spanish regime that an organized corrective service was made operational. The of import penitentiary was the mature Bilibid Prison at Oroquieta Street in Manila which was established in 1847. It was formally opened on April 10, 1986 by a Royal Decree. About foursome years later, on August 21, 1870, the San Ramon Prison and penal Farm in Zamboanga City was established to confine Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political pris unrivaledrs opposed to the Spanish rule. The preparation which faced the Jolo Sea had Spanish-inspired dormitories and was originally set on a 1,414-hect atomic number 18 sprawling estate. When the Americans took over in the 1900s, the sanction of Prisons was created under(a) the Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act no 1407 dated November 1, 1905) as an agency under the Department of Commerce and Police.It also paved the way for the re-estab lishment of San Ramon Prison in 1907, which was destroyed in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. It placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons and started receiving prisoners from Mindanao. Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison and punishable Farm, the Americans established in 1904 the Luhit penal settlement (now Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm) on a Brobdingnagian reservation of 28,072 hectares. It would reach a total land area of 40,000 hectares in the late 1950s. It was located on the western most part of the archipelago far from the main town to confine incorrigibles with the hope of rehabilitation. The area was expanded to 41,007 hectares by virtue of Executive Order No. 67 issued by Governor Newton gilbert on October 15, 1912. Other penal colonies were established during the American regime. On November 27, 1929, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong City was created under Act No. 3579 while the Davao Penal colony in Southern Mindanao wa s opened on January 21, 1932 under Act No. 3732.The CIW was founded to provide separate facilities for women offenders. To date, there are two Correctional Institutions for Women, the one mentioned in Mandaluyong and the other one is located in Davao Prison and Penal Farm in Dujali, Davao Del Norte. Owing to the increasing number of committals to the old Bilibid Prison in Manila, the New Bilibid Prison was established in 1935 in the southern suburb of Muntinlupa City. The old prison was transformed into a receiving center and a storage facility for farm produce from the colonies. It was later abandoned and is now under the jurisdiction of the Public Estates Authority. After the American regime, two more penal institutions were established.These were the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro under proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26, 1954 and Leyte Regional Prison under proclamation No. 1101 issued on January 16, 1973. The Bureau of Prisons was renamed Bureau of Corrections under the New Administrative Code of 1987 and Presidential Proclamation No. 495 issued on November 22, 1987. It is one of the attached agencies of the Department of Justice. The Bureau of Corrections presently has seven satellite prisons, namely the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City, the Correctional Institution for Women in Mandaluyong City, the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro, the Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte, the Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City and the Davao Prison and Penal Farm in Dujali, Panabo, Davao Del Norte.Of these prison satellites, the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City as the telephone exchange Office serves as the main penitentiary as the Central office is also located in there. As of August 2012, the total population of prisoners confined in all satellites of the BuCor is 20,000. It is at this juncture, that handling, managing and t aking care of the records of these inmates are of complex types of work which have to be performed by the competent personnel assigned at the Inmate Document and Processing Division.

Handling Interpersonal Conflicts Essay

Have you ever been involved in an inter personalized conflict that was non necessarily handled in the most rough-and-ready manner? During that occurrence did you observation that you and the other individual seemed to be on different pages after the fact? Being able to handle an interpersonal conflict in the most effective manner could potentially keep you and your profound others relationship closing curtain as opposed to tearing it apart.In the movie Hitch, Will Smith states, 60 percent of all human communication is nonverbal body language thirty percent is your t unmatched, so that means ninety percent of what youre tell isnt coming out of your mouth (Lassiter, 2005). With this being stated, body language, tone, and verbal language are all things that must(prenominal) be particularly paid close attention too and effectively utilized, whether you are the speaker or the listener.While watching the movie Hitch, there were a few interpersonal conflicts that were not handled ef fectively. One specific conflict that was not handled effectively was when Sarah found out about Hitchs career as a Professional dear Doctor. This conflict was not handled effectively for a multitude of reasons. Previously Hitch and Sarah were really falling for separately other, being sincere, genuine, and in the honey lunation stage. After the conflict was initiated, Sarahs body language started to change.She began to deny Hitchs kisses by turning away, she ruined the romantic wine moment by tipping the bottle up as opposed to drinking out of the wine glass that Hitch had already prepared for her, Sarah began to snarl, both Hitch and Sarah began to become vulturous in their actions by throwing food at all(prenominal) other out of anger, and Hitch insulted Sarah by telling her that she had a crappy newspaper. All of these actions are considered to be ineffective ones.While trying to choose a more effective route of handling this conflict so that the relationship remains close, one must show ositive body language, positive tone, positive verbal language, as well as a few other effective solutions. Solutions such as empathizing with one other by putting themselves in each others shoes, evaluating the message by waiting for the speaker to finish speaking before evaluating the message, not becoming emotional at the speaker, and showing more self-disclosure at the beginning of their relationship so that each other could grasp more of an understanding of each others background and career.Sole states, While emotions are normal and are to be expected in conversation, especially when information of a personal or sensitive nature is being shared, it is helpful to hear the speaker out and to try to control these emotions until the remarks are finished (Sole, 2011). If both Sarah and Hitch had through with(p) this, their argument most likely would have been invisible.They may have understood where each one was coming from and actually taken the time to hear what ea ch other were trying to get across. Doing all of these things could help eliminate the interpersonal conflict that both Hitch and Sarah encountered. All in all, interpersonal conflicts have the chance to happen on a daily basis however, being able to handle them in the most effective manner could potentially keep you and your significant others relationship close instead of tearing it apart.Remember, whether you are the speaker or the listener, you must always try to pay close attention to body language, tone, and verbal language as well. Being able to come together as one, empathizing with one another, evaluating the message, not becoming emotional and showing more self-disclosure with one another are some key concepts to eliminating potential interpersonal conflict amongst you and your significant other.

Can international law change the world Essay

Sir Christopher John Greenwood was born in 1955. Currently he is a value of the ICC whereby he was elected to the position on sixth November 2008. Before being elected as an ICC judge, Sir Christopher John Greenwood was a professor at London School of Economics where by taught outside(a) law. In addition, he was a barrister who most often made appearance before the international court of justice, the English Courts and the European Court Of Human Rights among other tribunals.During an interview as evidenced in the video, Judge Sir Christopher John Greenwood puts it clear that the international law has the power to change the way world operates. He further argues that, while distributively system of the national law strives to regulate affairs within only a single society, the international law has the concern of the whole world. In contrary, judge Sir Christopher John Greenwood argues that, though the international laws has the power to change the world and the way different syste ms of the world operate, there is yet no methods of enforcement available to the national sound systems.According to Sir Christopher, the international law can change the security and political stability of the different nations of the globe if only there could be efficient and strong measures put in place that would ensure the different national systems comply. Moreover, Sir Christopher says that if the different national systems could comply with international laws alike those concerning weapons and international peace, international health like those stipulated in the world health organization (WHO) among other laws made to ensure that the social welfare of the different socio-economic classes of people would change the world to a greater extend.In addition to this, Sir Christopher further argues that following compliance to the different international economic laws would change the way business is carried globally by different nations. residence to the international laws woul d make the transactions between different nations secure since are governed. Moreover, international economic laws would standardize how business is carried in the world.In a ample spectrum, the international laws can only change the world if the different nation systems comply. It will be of great importance if the different world systems comply to the international laws for better so as to steer development through trade standardization among other things.References shell-facefont-familyRobotofont-styleitalicfont-weightfour hundredsrclocal(Roboto Italic),local(Roboto-Italic),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xFIzIFKw.woff2)format(woff2)unicode-rangeU+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2Ffont-facefont-familyRobotofont-styleitalicfont-weight400srclocal(Roboto Italic),local(Roboto-Italic),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xMIzIFKw.woff2)format(woff2)unicode-rangeU+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116font-facefo nt-familyRobotofont-styleitalicfont-weight400srclocal(Roboto Italic),local(Roboto-Italic),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xEIzIFKw.woff2)format(woff2)unicode-rangeU+1F00-1FFFfont-facefont-familyRobotofont-styleitalicfont-weight400srclocal(Roboto 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e,enable_creator_highlightstrue,log_web_meta_interval_ms0,log_vis_on_tab_changetrue,live_chat_use_new_default_filter_modetrue,desktop_companion_wta_supporttrue,cancel_pending_navstrue, coldness_load_nav_start_webtrue,enable_gel_web_client_event_idtrue,enable_classic_encoder_pointbacktrue,consent_url_override,service_worker_push_prompt_cap-1,debug_forced_promo_id,interaction_screen_on_gel_webtrue,app_settings_snapshot_min_time_between_snapshots_hours24,enable_live_chat_paid_event_merged_queriestrue,service_worker_push_prompt_delay_ms3888000000,warm_load_nav_start_webtrue,service_worker_push_prompt_delay_microseconds3888000000000,enable_youtubei_innertubetrue,autoplay_pause_by_lact_sec0,desktop_pyv_on_watch_missing_paramstrue,enable_webcam_dvrtrue,player_unified_fullscreen_transitionstrue,log_window_onerror_fraction0.1,desktop_action_companion_wta_supporttrue,enable_classic_creation_menutrue,enable_webcam_dynamic_poll_periodtrue)Can outside(a) uprightness Change the World? - YouTube London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)121K subscribersSubscribeCan International Law Change the World?Watch laterShareInfoShoppingTap to unmute11900If playback doesnt begin shortly, try restarting your device.More videosFull screen is unavailable. 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The Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS), the pioneer in navigation technology, was launched by the government of USA for military purposes to guide the missiles and to move targets. The systems shortly consist of 31 satellites (as of March 14, 2018) orbiting twice a day in circular motion at an aggrandisement of 20,200 km.GPS provides precision in computing the velocity, arrangement and time. Although, it is subsidized and maintained by Department of Defense, the civil users across the world use it, at free of cost for various purposes.TechnologyGPS consists of three segments namely, the satellite or the space segment, user segment and the control segment.The space segment consists of satellites, the user segment are the GPS receivers and the control segment helps to monitor the satellite operations. There are five control units to monitor the proper functioning of the satellites, and they are stationed in Krasnosnamensk (Moscow), Schtscholkowo (Moscow), Komsomolsk (Russia), St. Peter sburg (Florida) and Ternopil (Ukraine).The location of the user is determined by the line of visibility of four or more satellites and measured by two factors pseudorange and carrier phase. Usually three satellites points to the coordinates of the user and the fourth is for the users clock error. The GPS tracking system which is augmented by depleted Earth Orbit (LEO) which is orbiting at an altitude closest to the earths surface provides comprehensive internet access to remote areas even with low intensive users.Unmanned celestial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones having integrates sensors and GPS receivers uses multicopter technology to fly and capture photos and videos. The drones are capable in identifying objects and avoiding collisions and quickly react to the environmental disturbances like wind, tress, buildings by adjusting their position and movements accordingly. Most importantly, the multicopters construct an automatic landing when there is an interruption of signals.UsesWhen people affected by Dementia or Alzheimers are lost, the GPS tracking device helps to locate the person. The devices are on tap(predicate) in various forms to wear them as watch or as pendant around the neck or in the soles of shoes and or lavatory be even attached to the clothing of the patient.Apparently, to avoid restricting such people within nursing homes, it maximised the autonomy and protected them from getting lost. Perhaps, these devices not exclusively help to monitor the location of the person but has fall sensors to alert the caregiver in case of an emergency. The usage of drones in live sports telecasting is an added benefit giving stunning views and movements to the spectators.As they are smaller in size and less noisy, the drones are able to manoeuvre and get some closer shots which helps in decision making in the corresponding sport.Materials and MethodsResultsConclusionOver the years, there will be a paradigm shift for business running with GPS technologies by G lobal gliding Satellite System (GLONASS) or Galileo.GLONASS was the system developed by the Soviet Union whereas Galileo by the Europe Union (Rizos, 2003). Although, these satellites differ in orbital planes and the altitude from the earth, they provide accurate navigation to the military and the common man. Today, there are several networking and telecommunication companies like St-Ericsson, Qualcomm and Broadcom to offer devices supporting GPS and GLONASS.

Bhopal Gas Leak and BP Oil Spill

Bhopal and BP. They are two names that would ring a bell with anyone who is familiar with industrial cataclysms. Bhopal is a city in India where an industrial disaster in 1984 killed thousands people and maimed hundreds of thousands. BP (British oil color, BP Plc. ,), on the other hand is the name of a petroleum company (an energy industry super major) that appeared in international headlines recently for causing the worst marine oil spill in history.The number of casualties associated with BP oil spill is rather negligible exactly damage the spill caused on environment and economy of some American states were immense and it is ranked amongst major industrial disasters. In both these disasters it was the corporate houses that were in the wrong. Union Carbide (UCC), the company that ran the pesticide plant in Bhopal, neglected the safety measures required while handling toxic materials and in the BP oils spill it is the negligence of British Petroleum that led to the accident on the oil rig Deepwater Horizon that ended up in the oil spill, which the company couldnt stop for weeks.Though separated in time by decades and space by thousands of miles, both these disasters are connected in many respects. Curiously enough the final court verdict on the corporate culprits of Bhopal disaster came at a time when BP was busy capping the oil leak thousands of meters beneath the sea. In 1984 when the methyl isocyanate gas leak killed thousands in Bhopal the graduation exercise thing Union Carbide management did was to put the blame on somebody else. In those years when Sikh militancy and terrorism were high in India UCC express the accident was the result of terrorist activity (nobody paid any attention to it).This year when the oil spill began in the Gulf of Mexico the first thing BP too tried to do was to put the blame on others on Transocean Ltd (the company which owned the oil rig) and Halliburton, the company which manufactured the blow out presenter valve on t he oil well. The media mocked this and BP dropped the strategy. In the Bhopal the US based corporation then argued that it should not be held legally responsible because the Indian subsidiary was a separate legal psyche with very minimal ties with US. At the time of the accident the UCC-based in New York City owned 50. 9% of the UCC India Ltd. , 22% owned by govt.of India and the rest by Indian citizens. The US court hearing the plea against UCC accepted the companys contention and dismissed Indias pleas for justice. Later on humanitarian strand the company agreed to pay $470 million as compensation to victims of gas tragedy. In that pre-globalization period, India as a developing country had practically no puff oer the US multinational company and finally it had to satisfy itself with prosecuting the Indian man agent of UCC India Ltd. In the cutting of BP oil spill too it was an congressman of a company registered in one country creating problems in another country.In the ini tial stage BP management tried to portray the liability issues as US action against British industry and ward of penal actions. In the case of BP oil spill, along with the news of gushing crude spreading all over the Gulf of Mexico, talks about pinning the corporate responsibility on BP also appeared in the headlines. There was intense pressure on president Osamas administration to act tough on BP and it made BP to pay up $20 billion for the clean up operation. In the BP oil spill case the corporation had to bow before the government. It was a company from a weaker country against a global super power US finally had its way.The chief executive director of BP had to own up responsibility for the fiasco and step down. 1 Pearce, Frank, Tombs, Steve (1990), Ideology, Hegemony, And Empiricism Compliance Theories of Regulation, The British Journal of Criminology 30423-443 2 Murru ,Maurizio (2004), Bhopal 20 age On Globalization And Corporate Responsibility, Health Policy And Development 250 volume 2 number 3 December 3 Amnesty International, 2004, Clouds of injustice, Bhopal disaster 20 years on, London 4 Broughton, Edward (2005), The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath a review, Environmental Health A Global Access Science Source, 46

The Impact of Advertising on Graffiti

In an era defined by hyper reality, branded lifesylfe, and minute gratification. Effect= noun Is graffiti a direct result of advertising? To evaluate how the advertising industry has played a role in the inception of roadway art sub assimilation, we must compare each institutions role in society, the techniques employed (use of propaganda) by each, and how past artistic movements endure been influenced by forces that propel them into. Commercial consumer advertising is propelled by immediate financial profit and mediated by boardrooms and stockholders.It aims at exposing that carrefour in an apostrophizeing way, and doing it so as many people are aware of that product. Graffiti is a tool used by individuals with their own agenda, one however that doesnt include profit as its foremost target. The main agenda of a graffiti artist is exposure by means of guerrilla tactics. To understand how advertising has contributed to the establishment of graffiti subculture, the roles each has in society must be examined. Advertising has come a long way from the archaic methods of attraction. Long gone are the times of fact-based advertising.Instead we have moved on to the aesthetisation of commodities, and consequently a world in which the promise made by the seller of love, eternal youth and a perfect consistency turns people into obsessive-compulsive consumers with a proclivity for instant gratification and a 5-second attention span. The advertising industry sells a way of life, not a product in fact the ad itself becomes the object of aesthetisation. Over time advertisements have become much more than just ads, they incorporate art of all kinds to appeal to all tastes, using strong cultural signifiers that evoke certain emotions in the viewer.They are like an exact science they employ psychologists, behaviorists, and all kinds of experts from different palm to pinpoint the moment when a mind will be ready to respond to all these messages. Graffiti becomes a visual manifestation of mans desire to ply his mark on the world, something that is the hallmark of advertising practice, while visually (logos, signs, brands), advertising has provided the raw materials as it were, with which writers become known. advertising and a world over-saturated with popular culture imagery

Assess the importance of school factors such as racism Essay

Assess the importance of school factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as racism and pupils response to racism in creating heathen differences in developmental achievement. Racism is a system of stamps that defines people as superior or inferior, and justifies their unequal treatment, on the basis of biological differences such as skin colour. Individual racism refers to the prejudiced views and discriminatory behaviour of individuals. Institutional racism exists when the routine ways an constitution operates have racist outcomes regardless of the intentions of the individuals in spite of appearance it.Racism and pupils response to racism atomic number 18 internal factors which means they happen within schools and the education system they whitethorn cause pagan differences in educational achievement which refers to the differences in educational achievement surrounded by the ethnic groups within schools for example, Black and Pakistani pupils do shoot at GCSE and Indians an d Chinese do best as supported by the DfES (2007). Even though internal factors whitethorn have contributed to ethnic differences in educational achievement, external factors outside of the education system such as pupils macrocosm materially deprived may also affect ethnic differences in achievement.The fact seems to support the proposition that school factors such as racism and pupils response to racism may cause ethnic differences in educational achievement as the item states Bangladeshi, cuttingamoor and Pakistani pupils achieve less well than other pupils at all stages of education which is supported by the DfES (2007) that found on reasonable just over a half of all Bangladeshi, black and Pakistani girls left school with five or more GCSE grades A*-C.However this was a lot cut back for boys with only a half of Bangladeshi boys leaving school with five or more GCSE grades A*-C and less than this for Pakistani and black boys. The item uses Gillborn and Youdell (2000) to ex plain these differences as beingness the result of teacher racism this is supported by Jenny Bourne (1994) who found, schools tend to see black pupils as a threat and would enunciate them negatively, filling eventually to exclusion.They item also counsels that that gender differences play an important part in creating ethnic differences in educational achievement as it has been found that among white and black working- ramify pupils girls do better than boys, but among Asians boys do better than girls. Overall the item seems to believe that factors within school such as labelling and teacher racism lead to ethnic minority pupils being treated differently therefore being unable tofulfil their current potential as they feel as though they argon less important and less time and attention is given to them conduct to ethnic differences in educational achievement.As a result of negative racist labels, teachers may treat ethnic minority pupils differently, disadvantaging them and br inging about a self-fulfilling prophecy that leads to under-achievement as Gillborn and Youdell (2000) found teachers had racialised expectations about black pupils and saw their behaviour as threatening and black pupils felt as though they were underestimated by teachers. Gillborn and Youdell conclude that conflict between white teachers and black pupils stems from teachers racist stereotypes rather than pupils actual behaviour.This can cause under-achievement because it leads to high levels of black boys being excluded and black pupils being placed in mortifieder sets or streams. This study clearly supports the proposition that school factors create ethnic differences in educational achievement as the study suggests that teachers low expectations of black pupils leads to them being treated differently and oppressed by teachers hint them under achieving.Research has also found that Asian pupils are also stereotyped by teachers as Wright (1992) found Asian pupils were stereotyped by their teachers and treated differently They were seen as a problem and were often ignored and teachers assumed that Asian pupils would have a poor grasp of side of meat and would use simplistic words when teaching them. This study is a little surprising as Asian pupils have the highest luck of pupils leaving school with five or more GCSE grades A*-C.Pupils may react in a variety of different ways to racist labelling in school, including forming or joining pupil sub kitchen-gardenings this may lead to the under-achievement of ethnic minority groups creating ethnic differences in educational achievement. Sewell (1998) found that black boys adopted a be given of responses to teachers racist labelling of them as rebellious and anti-school. One reaction was to join a subculture known as the rebels they were a small but highly visible minority of black pupils.They rejected the schools goals and rules and conformed instead to the stereotype of the black butch lad. They despised both white boys and conformist black boys. Their beget was to achieve the status of street hood. ODonnell and Sharpe (2000) found a macho warrior response similar to the rebels among almost Asian boys. However, despite only a small minority of black and Asian boys actually fitting the stereotype of macho lad,teachers tended to see all in this way.This resulted in the under-achievement of many boys, as a result of discrimination of teachers. However studies show that not all minority ethnic pupils who are negatively labelled accept and conform to labels. roughly remain committed to succeeding despite racist labelling Fuller (1984) studied a group of high achieving black girls in year 11 of a London comprehensive. The girls maintained a positive self-image by rejecting teachers stereotypes of them. They recognised the value of education and were determined to achieve.They didnt seek teachers approval and remained friends with black girls in lower streams. This study would oppose the pr oposition as this study suggests that not everyone that is labelled in a negative and racist way conforms to their label or accepts that they will not achieve within education. Many sociologists argue that although the racist labelling practised by some teachers is important, it is not an adequate explanation for the widespread ethnic differences found in achievement. Instead, they argue, institutional racism must be focused on.Institutional racism is discrimination against ethnic minorities that is built into the way institutions such as schools and colleges operate on a routine basis, rather than the intentions of individual teachers. The ethnocentric curriculum is an important example of institutional racism. Ethnocentric refers to attitudes or policies that prioritise a culture or one particular ethnic group whist disregarding others. Many sociologists have argued that the curriculum within British schools is ethnocentric.Troyna and Williams tonicity that it gives priority to white culture and the English language. Whilst Ball sees the history curriculum in British schools as recreating a mythical age and past glories, plot at the same time ignoring the history of black and Asian people. This may result in minority ethnic group pupils feeling that they and their culture are not valued in education and this diminishes their sense of self-esteem, which has a negative effect on their educational achievement as they feel as though they are worthless causing them to under-achieve.The CRE (1992) study of Jayleigh school found that Asian pupils were consistently placed in lower sets and were less likely to be entered for exams causing them to under-achieve resulting in ethnic differences in educational achievement. Similarly, the workings of the A-C economy meant that black pupils were placed in lower sets and hadless chance of gaining qualifications. Even though internal factors may have contributed to ethnic differences in educational achievement, external f actors outside of the education system such as may also affect ethnic differences in achievement.Cultural release theory claims that the under-achievement of some ethnic groups is caused by inadequate socialisation in the home. This explanation has two main aspects Intellect and language skills cultural deprivation theory claims that children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation. As a result, they fail to develop reasoning and problem-solving skills. Bereiter and Engelmann claim that the language of poorer black families is ungrammatical and disjointed.As a result, their children are unable to express abstract ideas- a major barrier to educational success. Some claim that children who do not speak English at home may be held back educationally. This could cause the ethnic differences within educational achievement as according to cultural deprivation theorists ethnic minority pupils would lack the ability to succeed at exams. The other aspect of the explan ation of cultural deprivation contributing to under-achievement is attitudes, values and family structure.Differences in attitudes and values towards education may be the result of socialisation. Most children are socialised into the mainstream culture, which instils competiveness and a desire to achieve, thus equipping them for success in education However some children are not socialised in this way and the lack of a male role model for many African-Caribbean boys may encourage them to turn to an anti-educational macho gang culture.Murray (1984) argues that the high rate of lone parents and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minority pupils causing ethnic differences in educational achievement. This is support by Moynihan (1965) who argues that the absence of a male role mode produces inadequately socialised children who fail at school. Cultural deprivation theorists also claim that the subculture into which some black children are socialised is fatalistic and focused on immediate gratification, resulting in a lack of motivation to succeed.The belief that cultural deprivation causes ethnic differences in education would not support the proposition as cultural deprivation is an external factor and the proposition suggest that factors within school are the main cause of ethnic differences in achievement. Material deprivation is the lack of physical or economic resources that are inhering for normal life in society. Material deprivation explanations of ethnic differences in achievement argue that educational failure is the result of material factors such as poor caparison and low income.Ethnic minorities are more likely to reflection these problems. For example Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are more likely than whites to be poor this would lead to ethnic differences in achievement as some ethnic minorities may lack the necessary resources to achieve educational success. Also for many minorities overcrowding is an issue le ading to many pupils being unable to revise or suffering from sleepless nights. The lowest achieving ethnic groups are those with the lowest social class position proving that class as well as ethnic background is also an issue in ethnic differences in educational achievement.In conclusion internal factors such as racism and pupils response to racism clearly are an important factor in ethnic differences in achievement as the way pupils are treated within school could lead to them feeling as though they do not belong they will therefore resent school and everything it stands for leading to the failure of examinations and then being classed as under achievers and creating ethnic differences in educational achievement.However external factors also contribute to the ethnic differences in educational success as if a student is to achieve within education they will have had to have been adequately socialised into a competitive culture that strives for success. They will have also have had to be surrounded by role models and equipped with the necessary resources such as educational activities and quality housing to be able to achieve their full potential.While these factors clearly affect pupils achievement, racism in wider society may be bigger cause. Members of minority groups face direct and indirect discrimination at work, within the housing market and within education. As a result, they are more likely to have low pay or be unemployed, and this affects childrens educational opportunities as they will feel as they will never amount to anything and are constantly being held back because of the colour of their skin or where they have come from.